{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4391315259","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computers13020039","title":"Error Pattern Discovery in Spellchecking Using Multi-Class Confusion Matrix Analysis for the Croatian Language","display_name":"Error Pattern Discovery in Spellchecking Using Multi-Class Confusion Matrix Analysis for the Croatian Language","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-01-29","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4391315259","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computers13020039"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/computers13020039","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computers13020039","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-431X/13/2/39/pdf?version=1706520279","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210228075","display_name":"Computers","issn_l":"2073-431X","issn":["2073-431X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computers","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-431X/13/2/39/pdf?version=1706520279","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037067710","display_name":"Gordan Gledec","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4188-6357"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I181343428","display_name":"University of Zagreb","ror":"https://ror.org/00mv6sv71","country_code":"HR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I181343428"]}],"countries":["HR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Gordan Gledec","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Applied Computing, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing, University of Zagreb, Unska 3, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4188-6357","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Applied Computing, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing, University of Zagreb, Unska 3, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I181343428"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071749386","display_name":"Mladen Sokele","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210103466","display_name":"University of Applied Health Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/019yxat94","country_code":"HR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210103466"]}],"countries":["HR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mladen Sokele","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Zagreb University of Applied Sciences, Vrbik 8, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Zagreb University of Applied Sciences, Vrbik 8, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210103466"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058605862","display_name":"Marko Horvat","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3439-7216"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I181343428","display_name":"University of Zagreb","ror":"https://ror.org/00mv6sv71","country_code":"HR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I181343428"]}],"countries":["HR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marko Horvat","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Applied Computing, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing, University of Zagreb, Unska 3, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3439-7216","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Applied Computing, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing, University of Zagreb, Unska 3, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I181343428"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051477039","display_name":"Miljenko Mikuc","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6408-4405"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I181343428","display_name":"University of Zagreb","ror":"https://ror.org/00mv6sv71","country_code":"HR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I181343428"]}],"countries":["HR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Miljenko Mikuc","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Telecommunications, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing, University of Zagreb, Unska 3, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Telecommunications, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing, University of Zagreb, Unska 3, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I181343428"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5037067710"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I181343428"],"apc_list":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1732},"apc_paid":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1732},"fwci":2.0901,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.88072448,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"2","first_page":"39","last_page":"39"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12380","display_name":"Authorship Attribution and Profiling","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13629","display_name":"Text Readability and Simplification","score":0.9975000023841858,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/confusion-matrix","display_name":"Confusion matrix","score":0.8449627161026001},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/croatian","display_name":"Croatian","score":0.8221538662910461},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/confusion","display_name":"Confusion","score":0.8151568174362183},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/class","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","score":0.6458433270454407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4946238696575165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/matrix","display_name":"Matrix (chemical analysis)","score":0.47884392738342285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistics","display_name":"Linguistics","score":0.43687495589256287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.4123538136482239},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3577544093132019},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.3304380774497986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.2911139130592346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/philosophy","display_name":"Philosophy","score":0.11428835988044739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chemistry","display_name":"Chemistry","score":0.0976133644580841},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychoanalysis","display_name":"Psychoanalysis","score":0.06061992049217224}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138602881","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2709591","display_name":"Confusion matrix","level":2,"score":0.8449627161026001},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83559648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6654","display_name":"Croatian","level":2,"score":0.8221538662910461},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781140086","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q557945","display_name":"Confusion","level":2,"score":0.8151568174362183},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777212361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5127848","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.6458433270454407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4946238696575165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106487976","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q685816","display_name":"Matrix (chemical analysis)","level":2,"score":0.47884392738342285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.43687495589256287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.4123538136482239},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3577544093132019},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.3304380774497986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.2911139130592346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.11428835988044739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0976133644580841},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11171543","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41630","display_name":"Psychoanalysis","level":1,"score":0.06061992049217224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43617362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170050","display_name":"Chromatography","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/computers13020039","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computers13020039","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-431X/13/2/39/pdf?version=1706520279","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210228075","display_name":"Computers","issn_l":"2073-431X","issn":["2073-431X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computers","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:e52bd684db0c4170b5252b53282503bd","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/e52bd684db0c4170b5252b53282503bd","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Computers, Vol 13, Iss 2, p 39 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/computers13020039","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computers13020039","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-431X/13/2/39/pdf?version=1706520279","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210228075","display_name":"Computers","issn_l":"2073-431X","issn":["2073-431X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computers","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8199999928474426,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4391315259.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":34,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1532166257","https://openalex.org/W1726123573","https://openalex.org/W1966983501","https://openalex.org/W1967932898","https://openalex.org/W1971714722","https://openalex.org/W1972099155","https://openalex.org/W1982156979","https://openalex.org/W1989182512","https://openalex.org/W2041138961","https://openalex.org/W2066792529","https://openalex.org/W2250735309","https://openalex.org/W2296213241","https://openalex.org/W2473217181","https://openalex.org/W2510438986","https://openalex.org/W2731701007","https://openalex.org/W2740691457","https://openalex.org/W2980440349","https://openalex.org/W3093050310","https://openalex.org/W3130222610","https://openalex.org/W3164971729","https://openalex.org/W3192770664","https://openalex.org/W3211383149","https://openalex.org/W4214486444","https://openalex.org/W4214877181","https://openalex.org/W4256617900","https://openalex.org/W4283331389","https://openalex.org/W4372342188","https://openalex.org/W4376273932","https://openalex.org/W4386435944","https://openalex.org/W4386852388","https://openalex.org/W4388230746","https://openalex.org/W6660686330","https://openalex.org/W6799788063","https://openalex.org/W6838568655"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2119694050","https://openalex.org/W2204178000","https://openalex.org/W3213497837","https://openalex.org/W2330448101","https://openalex.org/W761373407","https://openalex.org/W2093217629","https://openalex.org/W4366202965","https://openalex.org/W2349679704","https://openalex.org/W4389633859","https://openalex.org/W2570625548"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0,90],"paper":[1],"introduces":[2],"a":[3,31,101],"novel":[4],"approach":[5,119],"to":[6,93],"the":[7,21,43,57,63,68,79,94,121,129],"creation":[8],"and":[9,36,88,99],"application":[10],"of":[11,33,52,59,67,75,96,105,132],"confusion":[12,53],"matrices":[13,54],"for":[14,20,123],"error":[15],"pattern":[16],"discovery":[17],"in":[18,55,109,135],"spellchecking":[19,97,125],"Croatian":[22,44,69],"language.":[23],"The":[24,49,116],"experimental":[25],"dataset":[26],"has":[27],"been":[28,86],"derived":[29],"from":[30],"corpus":[32],"mistyped":[34],"words":[35],"user":[37],"corrections":[38],"collected":[39],"since":[40],"2008":[41],"using":[42],"spellchecker":[45],"available":[46],"at":[47],"ispravi.me.":[48],"important":[50],"role":[51],"enhancing":[56],"precision":[58],"spellcheckers,":[60],"particularly":[61,108],"within":[62],"diverse":[64],"linguistic":[65,106],"context":[66],"language,":[70],"is":[71],"investigated.":[72],"Common":[73],"causes":[74],"spelling":[76],"errors,":[77],"emphasizing":[78],"challenges":[80],"posed":[81],"by":[82],"diacritic":[83],"usage,":[84],"have":[85],"identified":[87],"analyzed.":[89],"research":[91],"contributes":[92],"advancement":[95],"technologies":[98],"provides":[100],"more":[102],"comprehensive":[103],"understanding":[104],"details,":[107],"languages":[110],"with":[111],"diacritic-rich":[112],"orthographies,":[113],"like":[114],"Croatian.":[115],"presented":[117],"user-data-driven":[118],"demonstrates":[120],"potential":[122],"custom":[124],"solutions,":[126],"especially":[127],"considering":[128],"ever-changing":[130],"dynamics":[131],"language":[133],"use":[134],"digital":[136],"communication.":[137]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-06-26T08:34:08.712188","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
