{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4391323531","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computers13020036","title":"Forest Defender Fusion System for Early Detection of Forest Fires","display_name":"Forest Defender Fusion System for Early Detection of Forest Fires","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-01-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4391323531","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computers13020036"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/computers13020036","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computers13020036","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-431X/13/2/36/pdf?version=1706508890","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210228075","display_name":"Computers","issn_l":"2073-431X","issn":["2073-431X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computers","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-431X/13/2/36/pdf?version=1706508890","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091703952","display_name":"Manar Khalid Ibraheem","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-4542-055X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142899784","display_name":"University of Sfax","ror":"https://ror.org/04d4sd432","country_code":"TN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142899784"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210119561","display_name":"Digital Research Centre of Sfax","ror":"https://ror.org/02s48dm85","country_code":"TN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210119561"]}],"countries":["TN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Manar Khalid Ibraheem Ibraheem","raw_affiliation_strings":["Laboratory of Signals, Systems, Artificial Intelligence and Networks (SM@RTS), Digital Research Center of Sfax (CRNS), National School of Engineers of Sfax (ENIS), University of Sfax, Sfax 3038, Tunisia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratory of Signals, Systems, Artificial Intelligence and Networks (SM@RTS), Digital Research Center of Sfax (CRNS), National School of Engineers of Sfax (ENIS), University of Sfax, Sfax 3038, Tunisia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210119561","https://openalex.org/I142899784"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000942587","display_name":"Mbarka Belhaj Mohamed","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142899784","display_name":"University of Sfax","ror":"https://ror.org/04d4sd432","country_code":"TN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142899784"]}],"countries":["TN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mbarka Belhaj Mohamed","raw_affiliation_strings":["Laboratory of Signals, Systems, Artificial Intelligence and Networks (SM@RTS), Digital Research Center of Sfax (CRNS), National School of Engineers of Gabes (ENIG), University of Sfax, Gabes 6029, Tunisia","Laboratory of Signals, Systems, Artificial Intelligence and Networks (SM@RTS), Digital Research Center of Sfax (CRNS), National School of Engineers of Gabes (ENIG), University of Sfax, Gabes 6029, Tunisia;"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratory of Signals, Systems, Artificial Intelligence and Networks (SM@RTS), Digital Research Center of Sfax (CRNS), National School of Engineers of Gabes (ENIG), University of Sfax, Gabes 6029, Tunisia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142899784"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratory of Signals, Systems, Artificial Intelligence and Networks (SM@RTS), Digital Research Center of Sfax (CRNS), National School of Engineers of Gabes (ENIG), University of Sfax, Gabes 6029, Tunisia;","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142899784"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058762615","display_name":"Ahmed Fakhfakh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-3219-2371"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142899784","display_name":"University of Sfax","ror":"https://ror.org/04d4sd432","country_code":"TN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142899784"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210119561","display_name":"Digital Research Centre of Sfax","ror":"https://ror.org/02s48dm85","country_code":"TN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210119561"]}],"countries":["TN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ahmed Fakhfakh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Laboratory of Signals, Systems, Artificial Intelligence and Networks (SM@RTS), Digital Research Center of Sfax (CRNS), National School of Electronics and Telecommunications of Sfax (ENET\u2019Com), University of Sfax, Sfax 1163, Tunisia","Laboratory of Signals, Systems, Artificial Intelligence and Networks (SM@RTS), Digital Research Center of Sfax (CRNS), National School of Electronics and Telecommunications of Sfax (ENET'Com), University of Sfax, Sfax 1163, Tunisia;"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-3219-2371","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratory of Signals, Systems, Artificial Intelligence and Networks (SM@RTS), Digital Research Center of Sfax (CRNS), National School of Electronics and Telecommunications of Sfax (ENET\u2019Com), University of Sfax, Sfax 1163, Tunisia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210119561","https://openalex.org/I142899784"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratory of Signals, Systems, Artificial Intelligence and Networks (SM@RTS), Digital Research Center of Sfax (CRNS), National School of Electronics and Telecommunications of Sfax (ENET'Com), University of Sfax, Sfax 1163, Tunisia;","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142899784"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5091703952"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142899784","https://openalex.org/I4210119561"],"apc_list":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1732},"apc_paid":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1732},"fwci":2.6513,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":9,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.88311023,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"2","first_page":"36","last_page":"36"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12597","display_name":"Fire Detection and Safety Systems","score":0.9954000115394592,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2213","display_name":"Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12597","display_name":"Fire Detection and Safety Systems","score":0.9954000115394592,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2213","display_name":"Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10331","display_name":"Video Surveillance and Tracking Methods","score":0.9847999811172485,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10555","display_name":"Fire effects on ecosystems","score":0.9488999843597412,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.5097214579582214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fusion","display_name":"Fusion","score":0.45453622937202454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/forestry","display_name":"Forestry","score":0.40585893392562866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.38811421394348145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.2827577292919159}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.5097214579582214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158525013","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2593739","display_name":"Fusion","level":2,"score":0.45453622937202454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97137747","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q38112","display_name":"Forestry","level":1,"score":0.40585893392562866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.38811421394348145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.2827577292919159},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/computers13020036","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computers13020036","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-431X/13/2/36/pdf?version=1706508890","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210228075","display_name":"Computers","issn_l":"2073-431X","issn":["2073-431X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computers","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:8a6ad1f47a8d464899f8e619a28ab4b9","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/8a6ad1f47a8d464899f8e619a28ab4b9","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Computers, Vol 13, Iss 2, p 36 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/computers13020036","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computers13020036","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-431X/13/2/36/pdf?version=1706508890","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210228075","display_name":"Computers","issn_l":"2073-431X","issn":["2073-431X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computers","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.8700000047683716,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4391323531.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":25,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2975479989","https://openalex.org/W3091882159","https://openalex.org/W3118655880","https://openalex.org/W3203098540","https://openalex.org/W3203756342","https://openalex.org/W3215490101","https://openalex.org/W4200213664","https://openalex.org/W4206042814","https://openalex.org/W4225396518","https://openalex.org/W4283165990","https://openalex.org/W4286587102","https://openalex.org/W4293240934","https://openalex.org/W4306404511","https://openalex.org/W4308206410","https://openalex.org/W4309151968","https://openalex.org/W4311860930","https://openalex.org/W4312250248","https://openalex.org/W4317422903","https://openalex.org/W4317830729","https://openalex.org/W4318464214","https://openalex.org/W4328024700","https://openalex.org/W4382395081","https://openalex.org/W4386963182","https://openalex.org/W6842218253","https://openalex.org/W6911583837"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2121524756","https://openalex.org/W782553550","https://openalex.org/W2633218168","https://openalex.org/W2059707233","https://openalex.org/W4235897794","https://openalex.org/W1983126463","https://openalex.org/W2099421762","https://openalex.org/W2095126257","https://openalex.org/W2085738998","https://openalex.org/W2530546662"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,86],"the":[1,10,19,63,77,111,115,176,188,191,195,206,211],"past":[2],"ten":[3],"years,":[4],"rates":[5],"of":[6,53,59,65,79,110,153,184,190,197],"forest":[7,54,60,94,144,165],"fires":[8,16,25,61,95,166],"around":[9],"world":[11],"have":[12],"increased":[13],"significantly.":[14],"Forest":[15,24,99,147],"greatly":[17],"affect":[18],"ecosystem":[20],"by":[21,28,71,113],"damaging":[22],"vegetation.":[23],"are":[26,167],"caused":[27],"several":[29],"causes,":[30],"including":[31],"both":[32],"human":[33],"and":[34,42,81,107,120,136,158,180,199],"natural":[35,51],"causes.":[36],"Human":[37],"causes":[38],"lie":[39],"in":[40,156,213],"intentional":[41],"irregular":[43],"burning":[44],"operations.":[45],"Global":[46],"warming":[47],"is":[48,96],"a":[49],"major":[50],"cause":[52],"fires.":[55,145],"The":[56,126,146,170],"early":[57,84,90],"detection":[58,91,161,171],"reduces":[62],"rate":[64],"their":[66,74],"spread":[67],"to":[68,142,187,209],"larger":[69],"areas":[70],"speeding":[72],"up":[73],"extinguishing":[75],"with":[76],"help":[78],"equipment":[80],"materials":[82],"for":[83,93],"detection.":[85],"this":[87],"research,":[88],"an":[89,182],"system":[92,103,212],"proposed":[97],"called":[98],"Defender":[100,148],"Fusion.":[101],"This":[102],"achieved":[104],"high":[105,160],"accuracy":[106,162,183],"long-term":[108],"monitoring":[109],"site":[112],"using":[114,205],"Intermediate":[116,127],"Fusion":[117,128,149],"VGG16":[118,129],"model":[119,130,172],"Enhanced":[121],"Consumed":[122],"Energy-Leach":[123],"protocol":[124],"(ECP-LEACH).":[125],"receives":[131],"RGB":[132,198],"(red,":[133],"green,":[134],"blue)":[135],"IR":[137,200],"(infrared)":[138],"images":[139,201],"from":[140],"drones":[141,157],"detect":[143],"System":[150],"provides":[151],"regulation":[152],"energy":[154],"consumption":[155],"achieves":[159],"so":[163],"that":[164,193],"detected":[168],"early.":[169],"was":[173,216],"trained":[174],"on":[175],"FLAME":[177],"2":[178],"dataset":[179],"obtained":[181],"99.86%,":[185],"superior":[186],"rest":[189],"models":[192],"track":[194],"input":[196],"together.":[202],"A":[203],"simulation":[204],"Python":[207],"language":[208],"demonstrate":[210],"real":[214],"time":[215],"performed.":[217]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
