{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4385796044","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computers12080164","title":"Requirement Change Prediction Model for Small Software Systems","display_name":"Requirement Change Prediction Model for Small Software Systems","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-08-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4385796044","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computers12080164"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/computers12080164","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computers12080164","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-431X/12/8/164/pdf?version=1692006352","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210228075","display_name":"Computers","issn_l":"2073-431X","issn":["2073-431X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computers","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-431X/12/8/164/pdf?version=1692006352","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101851135","display_name":"Rida Fatima","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2088-1381"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16076960","display_name":"COMSATS University Islamabad","ror":"https://ror.org/00nqqvk19","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16076960"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rida Fatima","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, Lahore 54000, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, Lahore 54000, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16076960"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062773112","display_name":"Furkh Zeshan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2960-9632"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16076960","display_name":"COMSATS University Islamabad","ror":"https://ror.org/00nqqvk19","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16076960"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Furkh Zeshan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, Lahore 54000, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2960-9632","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, Lahore 54000, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16076960"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063229829","display_name":"Adnan Ahmad","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2488-8043"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16076960","display_name":"COMSATS University Islamabad","ror":"https://ror.org/00nqqvk19","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16076960"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Adnan Ahmad","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, Lahore 54000, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2488-8043","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, Lahore 54000, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16076960"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011910925","display_name":"Muhamamd Hamid","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4387153245","display_name":"Government College Women University Sialkot","ror":"https://ror.org/00bqnfa53","country_code":null,"type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4387153245"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhamamd Hamid","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Government College Women University, Sialkot 51310, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Government College Women University, Sialkot 51310, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4387153245"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042603498","display_name":"Imen Filali","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I106778892","display_name":"Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University","ror":"https://ror.org/05b0cyh02","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I106778892"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Imen Filali","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Sciences, College of Computer and Information Sciences, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Sciences, College of Computer and Information Sciences, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I106778892"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055666615","display_name":"Amel Ali Alhussan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7530-7961"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I106778892","display_name":"Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University","ror":"https://ror.org/05b0cyh02","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I106778892"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Amel Ali Alhussan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Sciences, College of Computer and Information Sciences, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7530-7961","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Sciences, College of Computer and Information Sciences, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I106778892"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032710803","display_name":"Hanaa A. Abdallah","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0307-1384"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I106778892","display_name":"Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University","ror":"https://ror.org/05b0cyh02","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I106778892"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hanaa A. Abdallah","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Technology, College of Computer and Information Sciences, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 84428, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0307-1384","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Technology, College of Computer and Information Sciences, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 84428, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I106778892"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5042603498"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I106778892"],"apc_list":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1732},"apc_paid":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1732},"fwci":3.4992,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":8,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93575698,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":"8","first_page":"164","last_page":"164"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12423","display_name":"Software Reliability and Analysis Research","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12127","display_name":"Software System Performance and Reliability","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7128047347068787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bayesian-network","display_name":"Bayesian network","score":0.6033221483230591},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.5641622543334961},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/probabilistic-logic","display_name":"Probabilistic logic","score":0.4754219353199005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/conditional-probability","display_name":"Conditional probability","score":0.47081905603408813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-system","display_name":"Software system","score":0.43998983502388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-development","display_name":"Software development","score":0.4264736771583557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/variable","display_name":"Variable (mathematics)","score":0.418615460395813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-requirements","display_name":"Software requirements","score":0.4141947627067566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.41031938791275024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reliability-engineering","display_name":"Reliability engineering","score":0.3577960729598999},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-engineering","display_name":"Software engineering","score":0.3345962464809418},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-construction","display_name":"Software construction","score":0.29948240518569946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.29691362380981445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.25991570949554443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.15661048889160156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.09494182467460632}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7128047347068787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33724603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q812540","display_name":"Bayesian network","level":2,"score":0.6033221483230591},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.5641622543334961},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49937458","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2599292","display_name":"Probabilistic logic","level":2,"score":0.4754219353199005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44492722","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q327069","display_name":"Conditional probability","level":2,"score":0.47081905603408813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149091818","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2429814","display_name":"Software system","level":3,"score":0.43998983502388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C529173508","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q638608","display_name":"Software development","level":3,"score":0.4264736771583557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182365436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q50701","display_name":"Variable (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.418615460395813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54534927","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4462275","display_name":"Software requirements","level":5,"score":0.4141947627067566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.41031938791275024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C200601418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2193887","display_name":"Reliability engineering","level":1,"score":0.3577960729598999},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.3345962464809418},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186846655","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3398377","display_name":"Software construction","level":4,"score":0.29948240518569946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.29691362380981445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.25991570949554443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.15661048889160156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.09494182467460632},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/computers12080164","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computers12080164","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-431X/12/8/164/pdf?version=1692006352","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210228075","display_name":"Computers","issn_l":"2073-431X","issn":["2073-431X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computers","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:0c882b679c254c46a1462303c0af74cb","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/0c882b679c254c46a1462303c0af74cb","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Computers, Vol 12, Iss 8, p 164 (2023)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/computers12080164","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computers12080164","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-431X/12/8/164/pdf?version=1692006352","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210228075","display_name":"Computers","issn_l":"2073-431X","issn":["2073-431X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computers","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6499999761581421,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1688500410","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"PNURSP2023R 308","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322484","funder_display_name":"Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322484","display_name":"Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University","ror":"https://ror.org/05b0cyh02"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4385796044.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":34,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1917032810","https://openalex.org/W2046229958","https://openalex.org/W2070983362","https://openalex.org/W2279994572","https://openalex.org/W2604623954","https://openalex.org/W2761563725","https://openalex.org/W3047958222","https://openalex.org/W3048315681","https://openalex.org/W3106643019","https://openalex.org/W3135618694","https://openalex.org/W3198673707","https://openalex.org/W4206238894","https://openalex.org/W4210671315","https://openalex.org/W4212993786","https://openalex.org/W4214532693","https://openalex.org/W4221037676","https://openalex.org/W4221109901","https://openalex.org/W4221141539","https://openalex.org/W4224226260","https://openalex.org/W4280528532","https://openalex.org/W4281939004","https://openalex.org/W4283022069","https://openalex.org/W4288057734","https://openalex.org/W4293228294","https://openalex.org/W4310018709","https://openalex.org/W4311137777","https://openalex.org/W4312058837","https://openalex.org/W4313472297","https://openalex.org/W4313492026","https://openalex.org/W4317243139","https://openalex.org/W6781641355","https://openalex.org/W6786297682","https://openalex.org/W6810836883","https://openalex.org/W6847717322"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2137256417","https://openalex.org/W4285084075","https://openalex.org/W4322208577","https://openalex.org/W2365680718","https://openalex.org/W4366608229","https://openalex.org/W4253015880","https://openalex.org/W4234586272","https://openalex.org/W3026737558","https://openalex.org/W3112648901","https://openalex.org/W143065237"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,27,59,76,124,145],"software":[1,30,51,73,87,142],"industry":[2],"plays":[3],"a":[4,62,156],"vital":[5],"role":[6],"in":[7,24,29,53,72,86,112,140,190],"driving":[8],"technological":[9],"advancements.":[10],"Software":[11],"projects":[12],"are":[13,56],"complex":[14],"and":[15,99,121,152,170],"consist":[16],"of":[17,70,79,96,119,137],"many":[18],"components,":[19],"so":[20],"change":[21,28,189],"is":[22],"unavoidable":[23],"these":[25],"projects.":[26],"requirements":[31,55,88,192],"must":[32],"be":[33],"predicted":[34],"early":[35],"to":[36,43,90,132,168,176],"preserve":[37],"resources,":[38],"since":[39],"it":[40],"can":[41,186],"lead":[42],"project":[44],"failures.":[45],"This":[46],"work":[47,60,81],"focuses":[48],"on":[49],"small-scale":[50],"systems":[52],"which":[54,66],"changed":[57],"gradually.":[58],"provides":[61],"probabilistic":[63],"prediction":[64],"model,":[65],"predicts":[67],"the":[68,80,84,94,102,106,113,128,134,138,141,159,163,171,179,183,188,191],"probability":[69,136,167,175],"changes":[71,85],"requirement":[74,143],"specifications.":[75],"first":[77],"part":[78],"considers":[82],"analyzing":[83],"due":[89],"certain":[91],"variables":[92],"with":[93],"help":[95],"stakeholders,":[97],"developers,":[98],"experts":[100],"by":[101,149,195],"questionnaire":[103],"method.":[104],"Then,":[105],"proposed":[107,125,160,184],"model":[108,146,161],"incorporates":[109],"their":[110],"knowledge":[111],"Bayesian":[114],"network":[115],"as":[116],"conditional":[117],"probabilities":[118],"independent":[120],"dependent":[122],"variables.":[123],"approach":[126,185],"utilizes":[127],"variable":[129],"elimination":[130],"method":[131],"obtain":[133],"posterior":[135],"revisions":[139,166,174],"document.":[144],"was":[147],"evaluated":[148],"sensitivity":[150],"analysis":[151],"comparison":[153],"methods.":[154],"For":[155],"given":[157],"dataset,":[158],"computed":[162],"low":[164],"state":[165,173],"0.42,":[169],"high":[172],"0.45.":[177],"Thus,":[178],"results":[180],"proved":[181],"that":[182],"predict":[187],"document":[193],"accurately":[194],"outperforming":[196],"existing":[197],"models.":[198]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2023-08-14T00:00:00"}
