{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4381982758","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computers12070130","title":"Stealth Literacy Assessments via Educational Games","display_name":"Stealth Literacy Assessments via Educational Games","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-06-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4381982758","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computers12070130"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/computers12070130","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computers12070130","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-431X/12/7/130/pdf?version=1687751504","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210228075","display_name":"Computers","issn_l":"2073-431X","issn":["2073-431X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computers","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-431X/12/7/130/pdf?version=1687751504","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101410612","display_name":"Ying Fang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4086-5856"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40963666","display_name":"Central China Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/03x1jna21","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40963666"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ying Fang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Artificial Intelligence in Education, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Artificial Intelligence in Education, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40963666"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078222307","display_name":"Tong Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1166-625X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I198089087","display_name":"Ball State University","ror":"https://ror.org/00k6tx165","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I198089087"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tong Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Journalism and Strategic Communication, Ball State University, Muncie, IN 47306, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1166-625X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Journalism and Strategic Communication, Ball State University, Muncie, IN 47306, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I198089087"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005935921","display_name":"Linh Huynh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6736-295X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I55732556","display_name":"Arizona State University","ror":"https://ror.org/03efmqc40","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I55732556"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Linh Huynh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55732556"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064779140","display_name":"Katerina Christhilf","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3901-8665"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I55732556","display_name":"Arizona State University","ror":"https://ror.org/03efmqc40","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I55732556"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Katerina Christhilf","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3901-8665","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55732556"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034887321","display_name":"Rod D. Roscoe","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8327-4012"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I55732556","display_name":"Arizona State University","ror":"https://ror.org/03efmqc40","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I55732556"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rod D. Roscoe","raw_affiliation_strings":["Human Systems Engineering, Arizona State University, Mesa, AZ 85212, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Human Systems Engineering, Arizona State University, Mesa, AZ 85212, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55732556"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081661094","display_name":"Danielle S. McNamara","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5869-1420"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I55732556","display_name":"Arizona State University","ror":"https://ror.org/03efmqc40","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I55732556"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Danielle S. McNamara","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55732556"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5081661094"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55732556"],"apc_list":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1732},"apc_paid":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1732},"fwci":4.1834,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":12,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94066518,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":"7","first_page":"130","last_page":"130"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10731","display_name":"Educational Games and Gamification","score":0.9976999759674072,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10731","display_name":"Educational Games and Gamification","score":0.9976999759674072,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11902","display_name":"Intelligent Tutoring Systems and Adaptive Learning","score":0.9958999752998352,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10636","display_name":"Innovative Teaching and Learning Methods","score":0.9726999998092651,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/literacy","display_name":"Literacy","score":0.6954418420791626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reading","display_name":"Reading (process)","score":0.5837681889533997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reading-comprehension","display_name":"Reading comprehension","score":0.5803631544113159},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/test","display_name":"Test (biology)","score":0.577775239944458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vocabulary","display_name":"Vocabulary","score":0.540776789188385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics-education","display_name":"Mathematics education","score":0.4989814758300781},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.47550851106643677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/comprehension","display_name":"Comprehension","score":0.4585947096347809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4265786409378052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multimedia","display_name":"Multimedia","score":0.34415730834007263},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pedagogy","display_name":"Pedagogy","score":0.24393251538276672}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C547764534","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8236","display_name":"Literacy","level":2,"score":0.6954418420791626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554936623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199657","display_name":"Reading (process)","level":2,"score":0.5837681889533997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778780117","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3269423","display_name":"Reading comprehension","level":3,"score":0.5803631544113159},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777267654","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3519023","display_name":"Test (biology)","level":2,"score":0.577775239944458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777601683","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6499736","display_name":"Vocabulary","level":2,"score":0.540776789188385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145420912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853077","display_name":"Mathematics education","level":1,"score":0.4989814758300781},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.47550851106643677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C511192102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5156948","display_name":"Comprehension","level":2,"score":0.4585947096347809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4265786409378052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49774154","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131765","display_name":"Multimedia","level":1,"score":0.34415730834007263},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19417346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7922","display_name":"Pedagogy","level":1,"score":0.24393251538276672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/computers12070130","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computers12070130","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-431X/12/7/130/pdf?version=1687751504","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210228075","display_name":"Computers","issn_l":"2073-431X","issn":["2073-431X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computers","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:f7ef479669e449679a02e989e755eb10","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/f7ef479669e449679a02e989e755eb10","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Computers, Vol 12, Iss 7, p 130 (2023)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/computers12070130","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computers12070130","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-431X/12/7/130/pdf?version=1687751504","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210228075","display_name":"Computers","issn_l":"2073-431X","issn":["2073-431X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computers","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education","score":0.8899999856948853}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4897985532","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"N00014-20-1-2623","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332210","funder_display_name":"Institute of Education Sciences"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6766445803","display_name":"iSTART-Early: Interactive Strategy Training for Active Reading and Thinking for Young Developing Readers","funder_award_id":"R305A190050","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332210","funder_display_name":"Institute of Education Sciences"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7976832616","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"R305A190050","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337345","funder_display_name":"Office of Naval Research"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8872670767","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"N00014-20-1-2623","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337345","funder_display_name":"Office of Naval Research"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8876996369","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"N00014","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337345","funder_display_name":"Office of Naval Research"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332210","display_name":"Institute of Education Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/04et59085"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337345","display_name":"Office of Naval Research","ror":"https://ror.org/00rk2pe57"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4381982758.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":56,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1196955643","https://openalex.org/W1732828232","https://openalex.org/W1765030997","https://openalex.org/W1889935704","https://openalex.org/W1982959293","https://openalex.org/W1995417229","https://openalex.org/W2006652642","https://openalex.org/W2008502859","https://openalex.org/W2029634680","https://openalex.org/W2034089873","https://openalex.org/W2035541852","https://openalex.org/W2036071662","https://openalex.org/W2036360892","https://openalex.org/W2044688197","https://openalex.org/W2051185582","https://openalex.org/W2053670431","https://openalex.org/W2068539022","https://openalex.org/W2077998067","https://openalex.org/W2083294444","https://openalex.org/W2090348019","https://openalex.org/W2099487684","https://openalex.org/W2107694781","https://openalex.org/W2130481251","https://openalex.org/W2132913832","https://openalex.org/W2137739415","https://openalex.org/W2150974025","https://openalex.org/W2274727943","https://openalex.org/W2298057837","https://openalex.org/W2576265988","https://openalex.org/W2597704022","https://openalex.org/W2617168300","https://openalex.org/W2738474949","https://openalex.org/W2753032179","https://openalex.org/W2762870996","https://openalex.org/W2781790432","https://openalex.org/W2883043106","https://openalex.org/W2892640267","https://openalex.org/W2905222324","https://openalex.org/W2941154794","https://openalex.org/W2950757501","https://openalex.org/W3003950057","https://openalex.org/W3036310833","https://openalex.org/W3040626372","https://openalex.org/W3045625914","https://openalex.org/W3111008767","https://openalex.org/W3185280521","https://openalex.org/W3192596637","https://openalex.org/W4234167080","https://openalex.org/W4246398746","https://openalex.org/W4253892544","https://openalex.org/W4290038436","https://openalex.org/W4378220814","https://openalex.org/W6637745957","https://openalex.org/W6666141892","https://openalex.org/W6674817655","https://openalex.org/W6744910369"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2082438799","https://openalex.org/W1966986837","https://openalex.org/W2349784553","https://openalex.org/W2360138227","https://openalex.org/W3022596247","https://openalex.org/W4365808155","https://openalex.org/W2082296339","https://openalex.org/W2161828220","https://openalex.org/W1972348076","https://openalex.org/W2083863157"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Literacy":[0],"assessment":[1,37],"is":[2,63],"essential":[3],"for":[4,24,35,72,86],"effective":[5],"literacy":[6,13,39,75,168,177,194],"instruction":[7],"and":[8,18,22,31,43,55,100,121,143,176,196],"training.":[9,90],"However,":[10,170],"traditional":[11],"paper-based":[12],"assessments":[14],"are":[15],"typically":[16],"decontextualized":[17],"may":[19],"cause":[20],"stress":[21],"anxiety":[23],"test":[25],"takers.":[26],"In":[27],"contrast,":[28],"serious":[29,189],"games":[30,78,118,165,190],"game":[32,98,126,155,174],"environments":[33],"allow":[34],"the":[36,52,66,93,134,159,171,185,198],"of":[38,60,68,125,187,200],"in":[40,79,119,153],"more":[41],"authentic":[42],"engaging":[44],"ways,":[45],"which":[46,96,139],"has":[47],"some":[48],"potential":[49,186],"to":[50,64,95,191],"increase":[51],"assessment\u2019s":[53],"validity":[54],"reliability.":[56],"The":[57,147],"primary":[58],"objective":[59],"this":[61],"study":[62],"examine":[65],"feasibility":[67],"a":[69],"novel":[70],"approach":[71],"stealthily":[73],"assessing":[74],"skills":[76,178,195],"using":[77],"an":[80],"intelligent":[81],"tutoring":[82],"system":[83],"(ITS)":[84],"designed":[85],"reading":[87,107,144],"comprehension":[88,145],"strategy":[89],"We":[91],"investigated":[92],"degree":[94],"learners\u2019":[97],"performance":[99,152,161],"enjoyment":[101,127,175],"predicted":[102,166],"their":[103,123,167],"scores":[104],"on":[105],"standardized":[106],"tests.":[108],"Amazon":[109],"Mechanical":[110],"Turk":[111],"participants":[112],"(n":[113],"=":[114],"211)":[115],"played":[116],"three":[117,164],"iSTART":[120],"self-reported":[122],"level":[124],"after":[128],"each":[129,154],"game.":[130],"Participants":[131],"also":[132],"completed":[133],"Gates\u2013MacGinitie":[135],"Reading":[136],"Test":[137],"(GMRT),":[138],"includes":[140],"vocabulary":[141],"knowledge":[142],"measures.":[146],"results":[148],"indicated":[149],"that":[150],"participants\u2019":[151],"as":[156,158],"well":[157],"combined":[160],"across":[162,180],"all":[163],"skills.":[169],"relations":[172],"between":[173],"varied":[179],"games.":[181],"These":[182],"findings":[183],"suggest":[184],"leveraging":[188],"assess":[192],"students\u2019":[193],"improve":[197],"adaptivity":[199],"game-based":[201],"learning":[202],"environments.":[203]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2023-06-26T00:00:00"}