{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4380082195","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computers12060118","title":"Unbalanced Web Phishing Classification through Deep Reinforcement Learning","display_name":"Unbalanced Web Phishing Classification through Deep Reinforcement Learning","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-06-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4380082195","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computers12060118"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/computers12060118","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computers12060118","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-431X/12/6/118/pdf?version=1686297448","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210228075","display_name":"Computers","issn_l":"2073-431X","issn":["2073-431X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computers","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-431X/12/6/118/pdf?version=1686297448","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5092128322","display_name":"Antonio Maci","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6526-554X"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Antonio Maci","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cybersecurity Laboratory, BV TECH S.p.A., 20123 Milan, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6526-554X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cybersecurity Laboratory, BV TECH S.p.A., 20123 Milan, Italy","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016965662","display_name":"Alessandro Santorsola","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1094-8199"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alessandro Santorsola","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cybersecurity Laboratory, BV TECH S.p.A., 20123 Milan, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1094-8199","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cybersecurity Laboratory, BV TECH S.p.A., 20123 Milan, Italy","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5092128323","display_name":"Antonio Coscia","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7263-4999"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Antonio Coscia","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cybersecurity Laboratory, BV TECH S.p.A., 20123 Milan, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7263-4999","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cybersecurity Laboratory, BV TECH S.p.A., 20123 Milan, Italy","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022590758","display_name":"Andrea Iannacone","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7344-636X"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andrea Iannacone","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cybersecurity Laboratory, BV TECH S.p.A., 20123 Milan, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7344-636X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cybersecurity Laboratory, BV TECH S.p.A., 20123 Milan, Italy","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5092128322"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1732},"apc_paid":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1732},"fwci":11.8097,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":27,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98502064,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":"6","first_page":"118","last_page":"118"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11644","display_name":"Spam and Phishing Detection","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11644","display_name":"Spam and Phishing Detection","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12761","display_name":"Data Stream Mining Techniques","score":0.9983000159263611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":0.9977999925613403,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phishing","display_name":"Phishing","score":0.8905807733535767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7711459398269653},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.6698224544525146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6345556974411011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.5904731750488281},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/classifier","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","score":0.5707820653915405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/exploit","display_name":"Exploit","score":0.5256996154785156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hidden-markov-model","display_name":"Hidden Markov model","score":0.5027961730957031},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/markov-decision-process","display_name":"Markov decision process","score":0.44695553183555603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/the-internet","display_name":"The Internet","score":0.3323923349380493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.3323514759540558},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/markov-process","display_name":"Markov process","score":0.24367570877075195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.17664527893066406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.16473010182380676}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83860907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q135005","display_name":"Phishing","level":3,"score":0.8905807733535767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7711459398269653},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.6698224544525146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6345556974411011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.5904731750488281},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95623464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096149","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","level":2,"score":0.5707820653915405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165696696","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11287","display_name":"Exploit","level":2,"score":0.5256996154785156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23224414","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176769","display_name":"Hidden Markov model","level":2,"score":0.5027961730957031},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106189395","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176789","display_name":"Markov decision process","level":3,"score":0.44695553183555603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.3323923349380493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.3323514759540558},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159886148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176645","display_name":"Markov process","level":2,"score":0.24367570877075195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.17664527893066406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.16473010182380676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/computers12060118","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computers12060118","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-431X/12/6/118/pdf?version=1686297448","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210228075","display_name":"Computers","issn_l":"2073-431X","issn":["2073-431X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computers","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:f0a79195442c41de8b7461abad184199","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/f0a79195442c41de8b7461abad184199","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Computers, Vol 12, Iss 6, p 118 (2023)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/computers12060118","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computers12060118","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-431X/12/6/118/pdf?version=1686297448","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210228075","display_name":"Computers","issn_l":"2073-431X","issn":["2073-431X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computers","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.8100000023841858}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5634946813","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2014-2020","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335322","funder_display_name":"European Regional Development Fund"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335322","display_name":"European Regional Development Fund","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4380082195.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":70,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W85350352","https://openalex.org/W636894168","https://openalex.org/W1564121197","https://openalex.org/W2064675550","https://openalex.org/W2101234009","https://openalex.org/W2104933073","https://openalex.org/W2131774270","https://openalex.org/W2148143831","https://openalex.org/W2342249984","https://openalex.org/W2476492714","https://openalex.org/W2521200999","https://openalex.org/W2746553466","https://openalex.org/W2807786182","https://openalex.org/W2887955655","https://openalex.org/W2888558158","https://openalex.org/W2889629536","https://openalex.org/W2899147610","https://openalex.org/W2899478755","https://openalex.org/W2913694443","https://openalex.org/W2936503027","https://openalex.org/W2946127746","https://openalex.org/W2952298682","https://openalex.org/W2958447199","https://openalex.org/W2973184394","https://openalex.org/W2973862992","https://openalex.org/W2974916584","https://openalex.org/W2989219518","https://openalex.org/W3003185269","https://openalex.org/W3011591403","https://openalex.org/W3014368968","https://openalex.org/W3015997807","https://openalex.org/W3027172182","https://openalex.org/W3035965352","https://openalex.org/W3035999516","https://openalex.org/W3093641884","https://openalex.org/W3099878876","https://openalex.org/W3100789280","https://openalex.org/W3102015031","https://openalex.org/W3126389064","https://openalex.org/W3126641643","https://openalex.org/W3127179122","https://openalex.org/W3139008799","https://openalex.org/W3157699413","https://openalex.org/W3170052928","https://openalex.org/W3173369295","https://openalex.org/W3176551042","https://openalex.org/W3179864625","https://openalex.org/W3195438473","https://openalex.org/W3205483739","https://openalex.org/W3206998138","https://openalex.org/W3217115371","https://openalex.org/W4206714089","https://openalex.org/W4213081600","https://openalex.org/W4221100201","https://openalex.org/W4232774614","https://openalex.org/W4285503533","https://openalex.org/W4293569095","https://openalex.org/W4293713156","https://openalex.org/W4297964528","https://openalex.org/W4308121386","https://openalex.org/W4310376617","https://openalex.org/W4315643577","https://openalex.org/W4321240473","https://openalex.org/W4360831025","https://openalex.org/W4362544847","https://openalex.org/W4362586487","https://openalex.org/W6675354045","https://openalex.org/W6785333560","https://openalex.org/W6842406503","https://openalex.org/W6848979516"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3096874164","https://openalex.org/W2937181779","https://openalex.org/W2386410636","https://openalex.org/W1985560493","https://openalex.org/W2357975469","https://openalex.org/W2145363145","https://openalex.org/W1626977535","https://openalex.org/W4284974072","https://openalex.org/W2341346307","https://openalex.org/W4225269853"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Web":[0],"phishing":[1,29,42,74,149,161],"is":[2,44,99,155],"a":[3,23,64,88,102,138,158,173],"form":[4],"of":[5,22,184],"cybercrime":[6],"aimed":[7],"at":[8],"tricking":[9],"people":[10],"into":[11],"visiting":[12],"malicious":[13,24,53],"URLs":[14,51],"to":[15,35,67,71,96,116,136,144],"exfiltrate":[16],"sensitive":[17],"data.":[18],"Since":[19],"the":[20,94,122,134,146,192],"structure":[21],"URL":[25],"evolves":[26],"over":[27],"time,":[28,176],"detection":[30,43],"mechanisms":[31],"that":[32,86],"can":[33],"adapt":[34],"such":[36],"variations":[37],"are":[38,170],"paramount.":[39],"Furthermore,":[40],"web":[41,73,148,160],"an":[45,111],"unbalanced":[46,118,147],"classification":[47,119,124,150],"task,":[48],"as":[49,63,101],"legitimate":[50],"outnumber":[52],"ones":[54],"in":[55,92,179,204],"real-life":[56],"cases.":[57,207],"Deep":[58,76],"learning":[59,78,84],"(DL)":[60],"has":[61],"emerged":[62],"promising":[65],"technique":[66],"minimize":[68],"concept":[69],"drift":[70],"enhance":[72],"detection.":[75],"reinforcement":[77,83],"(DRL)":[79],"combines":[80],"DL":[81],"with":[82,200],"(RL);":[85],"is,":[87],"sequential":[89],"decision-making":[90],"paradigm":[91],"which":[93,164],"problem":[95],"be":[97],"addressed":[98],"expressed":[100],"Markov":[103,125],"decision":[104,126],"process":[105,127],"(MDP).":[106],"Recent":[107],"studies":[108],"have":[109],"proposed":[110,153],"ad":[112],"hoc":[113],"MDP":[114],"formulation":[115],"tackle":[117],"tasks":[120],"called":[121],"imbalanced":[123],"(ICMDP).":[128],"In":[129],"this":[130],"paper,":[131],"we":[132],"exploit":[133],"ICMDP":[135],"present":[137],"double":[139],"deep":[140],"Q-Network":[141],"(DDQN)-based":[142],"classifier":[143],"address":[145],"problem.":[151],"The":[152],"algorithm":[154],"evaluated":[156],"on":[157],"Mendeley":[159],"dataset,":[162],"from":[163],"three":[165],"different":[166],"data":[167],"imbalance":[168],"scenarios":[169],"generated.":[171],"Despite":[172],"significant":[174],"training":[175],"it":[177],"results":[178],"better":[180],"geometric":[181],"mean,":[182],"index":[183],"balanced":[185],"accuracy,":[186],"F1":[187],"score,":[188],"and":[189],"area":[190],"under":[191],"ROC":[193],"curve":[194],"than":[195],"other":[196],"DL-based":[197],"classifiers":[198],"combined":[199],"data-level":[201],"sampling":[202],"techniques":[203],"all":[205],"test":[206]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2023-06-10T00:00:00"}
