{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4317425730","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computers12020022","title":"A Centralized Routing for Lifetime and Energy Optimization in WSNs Using Genetic Algorithm and Least-Square Policy Iteration","display_name":"A Centralized Routing for Lifetime and Energy Optimization in WSNs Using Genetic Algorithm and Least-Square Policy Iteration","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-01-18","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4317425730","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computers12020022"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/computers12020022","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computers12020022","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-431X/12/2/22/pdf?version=1674033226","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210228075","display_name":"Computers","issn_l":"2073-431X","issn":["2073-431X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computers","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-431X/12/2/22/pdf?version=1674033226","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034922441","display_name":"Elvis Obi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4618-5023"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I134560555","display_name":"Universit\u00e9 Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier","ror":"https://ror.org/02v6kpv12","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I134560555"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Elvis Obi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science Research Institute, Paul Sabatier University, 31062 Toulouse, France"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4618-5023","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science Research Institute, Paul Sabatier University, 31062 Toulouse, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134560555"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058093080","display_name":"Zoubir Mammeri","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4164-9597"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I134560555","display_name":"Universit\u00e9 Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier","ror":"https://ror.org/02v6kpv12","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I134560555"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zoubir Mammeri","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science Research Institute, Paul Sabatier University, 31062 Toulouse, France"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4164-9597","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science Research Institute, Paul Sabatier University, 31062 Toulouse, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134560555"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088042167","display_name":"Okechukwu E. Ochia","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7948-7397"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I168635309","display_name":"University of Calgary","ror":"https://ror.org/03yjb2x39","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168635309"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Okechukwu E. Ochia","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168635309"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1782},"apc_paid":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1782},"fwci":1.1946,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":9,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.77437261,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":"2","first_page":"22","last_page":"22"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10080","display_name":"Energy Efficient Wireless Sensor Networks","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10080","display_name":"Energy Efficient Wireless Sensor Networks","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11392","display_name":"Energy Harvesting in Wireless Networks","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11158","display_name":"Wireless Networks and Protocols","score":0.9922000169754028,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7574092149734497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.7281193137168884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/routing-protocol","display_name":"Routing protocol","score":0.6262683868408203},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/routing","display_name":"Routing (electronic design automation)","score":0.5898730158805847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/link-state-routing-protocol","display_name":"Link-state routing protocol","score":0.5705832242965698},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/q-learning","display_name":"Q-learning","score":0.5591663718223572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convergence","display_name":"Convergence (economics)","score":0.5402507781982422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-consumption","display_name":"Energy consumption","score":0.525393545627594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/static-routing","display_name":"Static routing","score":0.45696160197257996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless-sensor-network","display_name":"Wireless sensor network","score":0.45468685030937195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-optimization","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","score":0.4517554044723511},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/path-vector-protocol","display_name":"Path vector protocol","score":0.44070738554000854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.33480775356292725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.15219977498054504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.13100162148475647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.08047983050346375}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7574092149734497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.7281193137168884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104954878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1648707","display_name":"Routing protocol","level":3,"score":0.6262683868408203},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74172769","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1446839","display_name":"Routing (electronic design automation)","level":2,"score":0.5898730158805847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89305328","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1755411","display_name":"Link-state routing protocol","level":4,"score":0.5705832242965698},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188116033","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2664563","display_name":"Q-learning","level":3,"score":0.5591663718223572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777303404","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759757","display_name":"Convergence (economics)","level":2,"score":0.5402507781982422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780165032","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16869822","display_name":"Energy consumption","level":2,"score":0.525393545627594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204948658","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1119410","display_name":"Static routing","level":4,"score":0.45696160197257996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24590314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q336038","display_name":"Wireless sensor network","level":2,"score":0.45468685030937195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.4517554044723511},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C128917274","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1666535","display_name":"Path vector protocol","level":5,"score":0.44070738554000854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.33480775356292725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.15219977498054504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.13100162148475647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.08047983050346375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/computers12020022","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computers12020022","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-431X/12/2/22/pdf?version=1674033226","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210228075","display_name":"Computers","issn_l":"2073-431X","issn":["2073-431X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computers","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:HAL:hal-04278584v1","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://hal.science/hal-04278584","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402512","display_name":"HAL (Le Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1294671590","host_organization_name":"Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-431X/12/2/22","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:a106ca67409949f1bdbf5e021fedae46","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/a106ca67409949f1bdbf5e021fedae46","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Computers, Vol 12, Iss 2, p 22 (2023)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/computers12020022","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computers12020022","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-431X/12/2/22/pdf?version=1674033226","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210228075","display_name":"Computers","issn_l":"2073-431X","issn":["2073-431X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computers","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.9100000262260437}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4317425730.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":50,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W32403112","https://openalex.org/W1503644894","https://openalex.org/W1638121603","https://openalex.org/W1936964778","https://openalex.org/W1965680834","https://openalex.org/W1968231001","https://openalex.org/W1968774882","https://openalex.org/W1994664405","https://openalex.org/W2010605285","https://openalex.org/W2017927472","https://openalex.org/W2019405897","https://openalex.org/W2047094503","https://openalex.org/W2058363692","https://openalex.org/W2072931156","https://openalex.org/W2089489829","https://openalex.org/W2092279474","https://openalex.org/W2101963262","https://openalex.org/W2106968440","https://openalex.org/W2107726111","https://openalex.org/W2119632647","https://openalex.org/W2120417050","https://openalex.org/W2121101953","https://openalex.org/W2132022337","https://openalex.org/W2132432832","https://openalex.org/W2143514830","https://openalex.org/W2148140427","https://openalex.org/W2148251644","https://openalex.org/W2156666755","https://openalex.org/W2159573081","https://openalex.org/W2160343401","https://openalex.org/W2161326204","https://openalex.org/W2168125208","https://openalex.org/W2532589578","https://openalex.org/W2564308420","https://openalex.org/W2586680856","https://openalex.org/W2608090977","https://openalex.org/W2810034754","https://openalex.org/W2885284092","https://openalex.org/W2915852508","https://openalex.org/W2943717074","https://openalex.org/W2994000609","https://openalex.org/W3002555613","https://openalex.org/W3093717461","https://openalex.org/W3127978539","https://openalex.org/W3157702756","https://openalex.org/W3216244538","https://openalex.org/W4242842134","https://openalex.org/W4388603477","https://openalex.org/W6630094298","https://openalex.org/W6682459407"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2108305519","https://openalex.org/W1242343826","https://openalex.org/W1604456419","https://openalex.org/W1971663816","https://openalex.org/W2188009667","https://openalex.org/W2113362813","https://openalex.org/W4241849776","https://openalex.org/W2182195922","https://openalex.org/W2095153631","https://openalex.org/W2076807978"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Q-learning":[0,41,151],"has":[1,129],"been":[2],"primarily":[3],"used":[4,42],"as":[5],"one":[6],"of":[7,65],"the":[8,15,26,39,51,62,71,93,127,156,168,178,183,186,190,192,195,199,204],"reinforcement":[9],"learning":[10,66,179],"(RL)":[11],"techniques":[12],"to":[13,43,61,69,91,139,177],"find":[14],"optimal":[16,72,187],"routing":[17,29,73,160,170],"path":[18,161],"in":[19,50,99,132,162],"wireless":[20],"sensor":[21],"networks":[22],"(WSNs).":[23],"However,":[24],"for":[25,110,145],"centralized":[27],"RL-based":[28,82],"protocols":[30,46],"with":[31,115,148],"a":[32,106,116,159,163],"large":[33,63],"state":[34,165],"space":[35],"and":[36,56,96,112,120,135,150,172],"action":[37],"space,":[38],"baseline":[40],"implement":[44],"these":[45,77],"suffers":[47],"from":[48,189],"degradation":[49],"convergence":[52],"speed,":[53],"network":[54,57,94,133,205],"lifetime,":[55],"energy":[58,97,136],"consumption":[59,98,137],"due":[60],"number":[64],"episodes":[67],"required":[68],"learn":[70],"path.":[74],"To":[75],"overcome":[76],"limitations,":[78],"an":[79,140],"efficient":[80],"model-free":[81],"technique":[83],"called":[84],"Least-Square":[85],"Policy":[86],"Iteration":[87],"(LSPI)":[88],"is":[89,105,154,174],"proposed":[90],"optimize":[92],"lifetime":[95,134],"WSNs.":[100],"The":[101],"resulting":[102],"designed":[103],"protocol":[104],"Centralized":[107,142],"Routing":[108,143],"Protocol":[109,144],"Lifetime":[111,146],"Energy":[113],"Optimization":[114,147],"Genetic":[117],"Algorithm":[118],"(GA)":[119],"LSPI":[121],"(CRPLEOGALSPI).":[122],"Simulation":[123],"results":[124],"show":[125],"that":[126],"CRPLEOGALSPI":[128,157,193],"improved":[130],"performance":[131],"compared":[138],"existing":[141],"GA":[149],"(CRPLOGARL).":[152],"This":[153],"because":[155],"chooses":[158],"given":[164],"considering":[166],"all":[167],"possible":[169],"paths,":[171],"it":[173],"not":[175],"sensitive":[176],"rate.":[180],"Moreover,":[181],"while":[182],"CRPLOGARL":[184],"evaluates":[185],"policy":[188],"Q-values,":[191],"updates":[194],"Q-values":[196],"based":[197],"on":[198],"most":[200],"updated":[201],"information":[202],"regarding":[203],"dynamics":[206],"using":[207],"weighted":[208],"functions.":[209]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-30T17:31:21.811387","created_date":"2023-01-19T00:00:00"}
