{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4311633479","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computers11120177","title":"On the Feasibility of Real-Time HRV Estimation Using Overly Noisy PPG Signals","display_name":"On the Feasibility of Real-Time HRV Estimation Using Overly Noisy PPG Signals","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-12-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4311633479","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computers11120177"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/computers11120177","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computers11120177","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-431X/11/12/177/pdf?version=1670312807","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210228075","display_name":"Computers","issn_l":"2073-431X","issn":["2073-431X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computers","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-431X/11/12/177/pdf?version=1670312807","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058490763","display_name":"Filipa Esgalhado","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7509-3334"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I83558840","display_name":"Universidade Nova de Lisboa","ror":"https://ror.org/02xankh89","country_code":"PT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I83558840"]}],"countries":["PT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Filipa Esgalhado","raw_affiliation_strings":["Laboratory of Instrumentation, Biomedical Engineering and Radiation Physics (LIBPHYS), NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal","NMT, S.A., Parque Tecnol\u00f3gico de Cantanhede, N\u00facleo 04, Lote 3, 3060-197 Cantanhede, Portugal"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratory of Instrumentation, Biomedical Engineering and Radiation Physics (LIBPHYS), NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I83558840"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"NMT, S.A., Parque Tecnol\u00f3gico de Cantanhede, N\u00facleo 04, Lote 3, 3060-197 Cantanhede, Portugal","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085964018","display_name":"Valentina Vassilenko","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7913-7047"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I83558840","display_name":"Universidade Nova de Lisboa","ror":"https://ror.org/02xankh89","country_code":"PT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I83558840"]}],"countries":["PT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Valentina Vassilenko","raw_affiliation_strings":["Laboratory of Instrumentation, Biomedical Engineering and Radiation Physics (LIBPHYS), NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal","NMT, S.A., Parque Tecnol\u00f3gico de Cantanhede, N\u00facleo 04, Lote 3, 3060-197 Cantanhede, Portugal"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7913-7047","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratory of Instrumentation, Biomedical Engineering and Radiation Physics (LIBPHYS), NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I83558840"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"NMT, S.A., Parque Tecnol\u00f3gico de Cantanhede, N\u00facleo 04, Lote 3, 3060-197 Cantanhede, Portugal","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023753706","display_name":"Arnaldo Batista","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2287-4265"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I83558840","display_name":"Universidade Nova de Lisboa","ror":"https://ror.org/02xankh89","country_code":"PT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I83558840"]}],"countries":["PT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Arnaldo Batista","raw_affiliation_strings":["UNINOVA CTS, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2287-4265","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"UNINOVA CTS, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I83558840"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013764298","display_name":"Manuel Duarte Ortigueira","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4270-3284"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I83558840","display_name":"Universidade Nova de Lisboa","ror":"https://ror.org/02xankh89","country_code":"PT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I83558840"]}],"countries":["PT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Manuel Ortigueira","raw_affiliation_strings":["UNINOVA CTS, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4270-3284","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"UNINOVA CTS, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I83558840"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5058490763"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I83558840"],"apc_list":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1732},"apc_paid":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1732},"fwci":0.3361,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.63607423,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":"12","first_page":"177","last_page":"177"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10745","display_name":"Heart Rate Variability and Autonomic Control","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2705","display_name":"Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10745","display_name":"Heart Rate Variability and Autonomic Control","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2705","display_name":"Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11196","display_name":"Non-Invasive Vital Sign Monitoring","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11021","display_name":"ECG Monitoring and Analysis","score":0.9955000281333923,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2705","display_name":"Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/photoplethysmogram","display_name":"Photoplethysmogram","score":0.8319693803787231},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heart-rate-variability","display_name":"Heart rate variability","score":0.7128857374191284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mean-squared-error","display_name":"Mean squared error","score":0.6099796295166016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artifact","display_name":"Artifact (error)","score":0.5890101194381714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.569042444229126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5371006727218628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/standard-deviation","display_name":"Standard deviation","score":0.4905540347099304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/correlation-coefficient","display_name":"Correlation coefficient","score":0.4644470512866974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.45759448409080505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signal","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","score":0.4327332675457001},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.33590269088745117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.2890772223472595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.2761732339859009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.2644919455051422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.23661768436431885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heart-rate","display_name":"Heart rate","score":0.17969945073127747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.1288527548313141}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116390426","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187885","display_name":"Photoplethysmogram","level":3,"score":0.8319693803787231},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71635504","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q933954","display_name":"Heart rate variability","level":4,"score":0.7128857374191284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139945424","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1940696","display_name":"Mean squared error","level":2,"score":0.6099796295166016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779010991","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2720909","display_name":"Artifact (error)","level":2,"score":0.5890101194381714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.569042444229126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5371006727218628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22679943","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159375","display_name":"Standard deviation","level":2,"score":0.4905540347099304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780092901","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3433612","display_name":"Correlation coefficient","level":2,"score":0.4644470512866974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.45759448409080505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779843651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7390335","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.4327332675457001},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.33590269088745117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.2890772223472595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.2761732339859009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.2644919455051422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.23661768436431885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777953023","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1073121","display_name":"Heart rate","level":3,"score":0.17969945073127747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.1288527548313141},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106131492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3072260","display_name":"Filter (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126838900","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77604","display_name":"Radiology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84393581","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82642","display_name":"Blood pressure","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/computers11120177","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computers11120177","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-431X/11/12/177/pdf?version=1670312807","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210228075","display_name":"Computers","issn_l":"2073-431X","issn":["2073-431X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computers","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:edaf70ae507b411e8cf48e0f52c28839","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/edaf70ae507b411e8cf48e0f52c28839","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Computers, Vol 11, Iss 12, p 177 (2022)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:run.unl.pt:10362/148292","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10362/148292","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402433","display_name":"Portuguese National Funding Agency for Science, Research and Technology (RCAAP Project by FCT)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/computers11120177","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computers11120177","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-431X/11/12/177/pdf?version=1670312807","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210228075","display_name":"Computers","issn_l":"2073-431X","issn":["2073-431X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computers","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2581543610","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"PD/BDE/150312/2019","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334779","funder_display_name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3080209416","display_name":"Centre of Technology and Systems","funder_award_id":"UIDB/00066/2020","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334779","funder_display_name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334779","display_name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","ror":"https://ror.org/00snfqn58"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4311633479.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4311633479.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":31,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1541229674","https://openalex.org/W1967900132","https://openalex.org/W2037549735","https://openalex.org/W2070124989","https://openalex.org/W2091314241","https://openalex.org/W2106201963","https://openalex.org/W2120495964","https://openalex.org/W2133589238","https://openalex.org/W2158379031","https://openalex.org/W2204117563","https://openalex.org/W2746272147","https://openalex.org/W2801709500","https://openalex.org/W2889991753","https://openalex.org/W2894956427","https://openalex.org/W3035182293","https://openalex.org/W3089600529","https://openalex.org/W3127340163","https://openalex.org/W3127764261","https://openalex.org/W3151068974","https://openalex.org/W3200319298","https://openalex.org/W3208016313","https://openalex.org/W3211909886","https://openalex.org/W3215924415","https://openalex.org/W4200323802","https://openalex.org/W4200451925","https://openalex.org/W4281726402","https://openalex.org/W4283821660","https://openalex.org/W4285141826","https://openalex.org/W4291824956","https://openalex.org/W6751864392","https://openalex.org/W7066285046"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2732360296","https://openalex.org/W1994871954","https://openalex.org/W3196000489","https://openalex.org/W2092419518","https://openalex.org/W1489924780","https://openalex.org/W2135573418","https://openalex.org/W1563759972","https://openalex.org/W2130940895","https://openalex.org/W4391315191","https://openalex.org/W1964082513"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Heart":[0],"Rate":[1],"Variability":[2],"(HRV)":[3],"is":[4,154],"a":[5,40,44,71],"biomarker":[6],"that":[7,124],"can":[8,27],"be":[9,28],"obtained":[10],"non-invasively":[11],"from":[12],"the":[13,17,23,31,36,67,97,102,112,125,161,167],"electrocardiogram":[14],"(ECG)":[15],"or":[16],"photoplethysmogram":[18],"(PPG)":[19],"fiducial":[20],"points.":[21],"However,":[22],"accuracy":[24],"of":[25,33,69,141,158],"HRV":[26,76,86,128],"compromised":[29],"by":[30],"presence":[32],"artifacts.":[34],"In":[35],"herein":[37],"presented":[38],"work,":[39],"Simulink\u00ae":[41],"model":[42],"with":[43,57,66,92],"deep":[45],"learning":[46,74],"component":[47],"was":[48,61,111,170],"studied":[49],"for":[50,63,119,165],"overly":[51,120],"noisy":[52,59,121],"PPG":[53],"signals.":[54,82],"A":[55],"subset":[56],"these":[58],"signals":[60,122],"selected":[62],"this":[64,115],"study,":[65],"purpose":[68],"testing":[70],"real-time":[72,126,168],"machine":[73],"based":[75],"estimation":[77,129],"system":[78,130,169],"in":[79],"substandard":[80],"artifact-ridden":[81],"Home-based":[83],"and":[84,133,138,146],"wearable":[85],"systems":[87],"are":[88],"prone":[89],"to":[90],"dealing":[91],"higher":[93],"contaminated":[94],"signals,":[95],"given":[96],"less":[98],"controlled":[99],"environment":[100],"where":[101],"acquisitions":[103],"take":[104],"place,":[105],"namely":[106],"daily":[107],"activity":[108],"movements.":[109],"This":[110,151],"motivation":[113],"behind":[114],"work.":[116],"The":[117],"results":[118,164],"show":[123],"PPG-based":[127],"produced":[131],"RMSE":[132,152],"Pearson":[134],"correlation":[135],"coefficient":[136],"mean":[137],"standard":[139],"deviation":[140],"0.178":[142],"\u00b1":[143,148],"0.138":[144],"s":[145],"0.401":[147],"0.255,":[149],"respectively.":[150],"value":[153],"roughly":[155],"one":[156],"order":[157],"magnitude":[159],"above":[160],"closest":[162],"comparative":[163],"which":[166],"also":[171],"used.":[172]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
