{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4210489346","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computers11020022","title":"Hierarchical Control for DC Microgrids Using an Exact Feedback Controller with Integral Action","display_name":"Hierarchical Control for DC Microgrids Using an Exact Feedback Controller with Integral Action","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-02-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4210489346","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computers11020022"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/computers11020022","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computers11020022","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-431X/11/2/22/pdf?version=1644571677","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210228075","display_name":"Computers","issn_l":"2073-431X","issn":["2073-431X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computers","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-431X/11/2/22/pdf?version=1644571677","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091167317","display_name":"Oscar Danilo Montoya","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6051-4925"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I141943178","display_name":"Universidad Tecnol\u00f3gica de Bol\u00edvar","ror":"https://ror.org/01d171k92","country_code":"CO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141943178"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I332011152","display_name":"Universidad Distrital Francisco Jos\u00e9 de Caldas","ror":"https://ror.org/02jsxd428","country_code":"CO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I332011152"]}],"countries":["CO"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Oscar Danilo Montoya","raw_affiliation_strings":["Facultad de Ingenier\u00eda, Universidad Distrital Francisco Jos\u00e9 de Caldas, Bogot\u00e1 110231, Colombia","Laboratorio Inteligente de Energ\u00eda, Facultad de Ingenier\u00eda, Universidad Tecnol\u00f3gica de Bol\u00edvar, Cartagena 131001, Colombia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6051-4925","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Facultad de Ingenier\u00eda, Universidad Distrital Francisco Jos\u00e9 de Caldas, Bogot\u00e1 110231, Colombia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I332011152"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratorio Inteligente de Energ\u00eda, Facultad de Ingenier\u00eda, Universidad Tecnol\u00f3gica de Bol\u00edvar, Cartagena 131001, Colombia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141943178"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045022493","display_name":"Fed\u00e9rico M. Serra","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4467-7836"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I151201029","display_name":"Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas y T\u00e9cnicas","ror":"https://ror.org/03cqe8w59","country_code":"AR","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I151201029","https://openalex.org/I4210123736","https://openalex.org/I4387155568"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I73822459","display_name":"National University of San Luis","ror":"https://ror.org/00mczdx43","country_code":"AR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I73822459"]}],"countries":["AR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Federico Martin Serra","raw_affiliation_strings":["Laboratorio de Control Autom\u00e1tico (LCA), Facultad de Ingenier\u00eda y Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Nacional de San Luis\u2014CONICET, Villa Mercedes, San Luis 5730, Argentina"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4467-7836","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratorio de Control Autom\u00e1tico (LCA), Facultad de Ingenier\u00eda y Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Nacional de San Luis\u2014CONICET, Villa Mercedes, San Luis 5730, Argentina","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151201029","https://openalex.org/I73822459"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072022896","display_name":"Alexander Molina-Cabrera","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2448-2174"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200183955","display_name":"Technological University of Pereira","ror":"https://ror.org/01d981710","country_code":"CO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200183955"]}],"countries":["CO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alexander Molina-Cabrera","raw_affiliation_strings":["Facultad de Ingenier\u00eda, Universidad Tecnol\u00f3gica de Pereira, Pereira 660003, Colombia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2448-2174","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Facultad de Ingenier\u00eda, Universidad Tecnol\u00f3gica de Pereira, Pereira 660003, Colombia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200183955"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5091167317"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141943178","https://openalex.org/I332011152"],"apc_list":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1782},"apc_paid":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1782},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.00834259,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":"2","first_page":"22","last_page":"22"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10223","display_name":"Microgrid Control and Optimization","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10223","display_name":"Microgrid Control and Optimization","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12277","display_name":"Frequency Control in Power Systems","score":0.9909999966621399,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10454","display_name":"Optimal Power Flow Distribution","score":0.9837999939918518,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/microgrid","display_name":"Microgrid","score":0.8971124887466431},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-theory","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","score":0.8289179801940918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/converters","display_name":"Converters","score":0.6617384552955627},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.5642504096031189},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lyapunov-function","display_name":"Lyapunov function","score":0.5161236524581909},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/controller","display_name":"Controller (irrigation)","score":0.5062374472618103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ac-power","display_name":"AC power","score":0.41449329257011414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voltage","display_name":"Voltage","score":0.4056462347507477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.3931272029876709},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.39050695300102234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-optimization","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","score":0.3819822669029236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grid","display_name":"Grid","score":0.3420734405517578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.1997535228729248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control","display_name":"Control (management)","score":0.11585661768913269},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nonlinear-system","display_name":"Nonlinear system","score":0.1155906617641449}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776784348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5762595","display_name":"Microgrid","level":3,"score":0.8971124887466431},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47446073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165890","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","level":3,"score":0.8289179801940918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778422915","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10302051","display_name":"Converters","level":3,"score":0.6617384552955627},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.5642504096031189},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60640748","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2337858","display_name":"Lyapunov function","level":3,"score":0.5161236524581909},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203479927","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165939","display_name":"Controller (irrigation)","level":2,"score":0.5062374472618103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108755667","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1930258","display_name":"AC power","level":3,"score":0.41449329257011414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.4056462347507477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3931272029876709},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.39050695300102234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.3819822669029236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187691185","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2020720","display_name":"Grid","level":2,"score":0.3420734405517578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.1997535228729248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.11585661768913269},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158622935","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q660848","display_name":"Nonlinear system","level":2,"score":0.1155906617641449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6557445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173113","display_name":"Agronomy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/computers11020022","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computers11020022","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-431X/11/2/22/pdf?version=1644571677","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210228075","display_name":"Computers","issn_l":"2073-431X","issn":["2073-431X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computers","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:repositorio.utb.edu.co:20.500.12585/10701","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12585/10701","pdf_url":"http://repositorio.utb.edu.co/bitstreams/0fcfd986-4522-4212-8f83-bc7e7123af5e/download","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407055175","display_name":"Repositorio UTB","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Computers, Vol. 11 N\u00b0 2 (2022)","raw_type":"http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:cd2a032974714b62a151f5192caa69b2","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/cd2a032974714b62a151f5192caa69b2","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Computers, Vol 11, Iss 2, p 22 (2022)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/computers11020022","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computers11020022","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-431X/11/2/22/pdf?version=1644571677","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210228075","display_name":"Computers","issn_l":"2073-431X","issn":["2073-431X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computers","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8100000023841858,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4210489346.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4210489346.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":28,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W979449787","https://openalex.org/W1985006895","https://openalex.org/W2023929558","https://openalex.org/W2051727850","https://openalex.org/W2056324569","https://openalex.org/W2091922572","https://openalex.org/W2119405005","https://openalex.org/W2121887567","https://openalex.org/W2232335510","https://openalex.org/W2528863017","https://openalex.org/W2621248554","https://openalex.org/W2724370523","https://openalex.org/W2794665582","https://openalex.org/W2802507133","https://openalex.org/W2887499969","https://openalex.org/W2898114951","https://openalex.org/W2906166631","https://openalex.org/W3005045503","https://openalex.org/W3010443530","https://openalex.org/W3028889061","https://openalex.org/W3047626219","https://openalex.org/W3112708365","https://openalex.org/W3118205598","https://openalex.org/W3130015904","https://openalex.org/W3157129825","https://openalex.org/W3163794117","https://openalex.org/W3212765984","https://openalex.org/W6755782869"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4210780382","https://openalex.org/W2057975886","https://openalex.org/W4308700935","https://openalex.org/W1574359403","https://openalex.org/W2356033827","https://openalex.org/W2391138633","https://openalex.org/W4206134051","https://openalex.org/W2907234787","https://openalex.org/W4285503559","https://openalex.org/W4383747562"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0,118],"paper":[1],"addresses":[2],"the":[3,6,26,31,37,40,47,52,59,74,85,90,97,128,135,148,153,159,163,167,172],"problem":[4],"of":[5,9,39,51,58,87,96,104,152,161,171],"optimal":[7,19],"stabilization":[8],"DC":[10,53,136,142,168],"microgrids":[11],"using":[12],"a":[13,56,102,141],"hierarchical":[14,155],"control":[15],"design.":[16],"A":[17],"recursive":[18],"power":[20,111,115],"flow":[21],"formulation":[22],"is":[23,71,99,121],"proposed":[24,41,154],"in":[25,45,73,84,101,134,140,157,166],"tertiary":[27],"stage":[28],"that":[29,107],"ensures":[30,81],"global":[32],"optimum":[33],"finding":[34],"due":[35],"to":[36,127],"convexity":[38],"quadratic":[42],"optimization":[43],"model":[44,95,120],"determining":[46],"equilibrium":[48],"operative":[49],"point":[50],"microgrid":[54,143],"as":[55],"function":[57],"demand":[60],"and":[61,76,131,150,174],"generation":[62,175],"inputs.":[63],"An":[64],"exact":[65],"feedback":[66],"controller":[67,78,156],"with":[68,144],"integral":[69],"action":[70],"applied":[72],"primary":[75],"secondary":[77],"layers,":[79],"which":[80],"asymptotic":[82],"stability":[83,160],"sense":[86],"Lyapunov":[88],"for":[89],"voltage":[91,164],"variables.":[92],"The":[93],"dynamical":[94],"network":[98],"obtained":[100,122],"set":[103],"reduced":[105,119],"nodes":[106,133],"only":[108],"includes":[109],"constant":[110],"terminals":[112],"interfaced":[113],"through":[114],"electronic":[116],"converters.":[117],"by":[123],"applying":[124],"Kron\u2019s":[125],"reduction":[126],"linear":[129],"loads":[130],"step":[132],"grid.":[137],"Numerical":[138],"simulations":[139],"radial":[145],"structure":[146],"demonstrate":[147],"effectiveness":[149],"robustness":[151],"maintaining":[158],"all":[162],"profiles":[165],"microgrid,":[169],"independent":[170],"load":[173],"variations.":[176]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-30T17:31:21.811387","created_date":"2022-02-08T00:00:00"}