{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4200568286","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computers10120166","title":"Automated Paraphrase Quality Assessment Using Language Models and Transfer Learning","display_name":"Automated Paraphrase Quality Assessment Using Language Models and Transfer Learning","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-12-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4200568286","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computers10120166"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/computers10120166","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computers10120166","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-431X/10/12/166/pdf?version=1638785606","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210228075","display_name":"Computers","issn_l":"2073-431X","issn":["2073-431X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computers","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-431X/10/12/166/pdf?version=1638785606","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004153380","display_name":"B. Nicula","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8050-5476"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I61641377","display_name":"Universitatea Na\u021bional\u0103 de \u0218tiin\u021b\u0103 \u0219i Tehnologie Politehnica Bucure\u0219ti","ror":"https://ror.org/0558j5q12","country_code":"RO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I61641377"]}],"countries":["RO"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Bogdan Nicula","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 313 Splaiul Independentei, 060042 Bucharest, Romania"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 313 Splaiul Independentei, 060042 Bucharest, Romania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I61641377"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072192995","display_name":"Mihai Dasc\u0103lu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4815-9227"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I33800924","display_name":"Academia Oamenilor de \u0218tiin\u021b\u0103 din Rom\u00e2nia","ror":"https://ror.org/04ybnj478","country_code":"RO","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I33800924"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I61641377","display_name":"Universitatea Na\u021bional\u0103 de \u0218tiin\u021b\u0103 \u0219i Tehnologie Politehnica Bucure\u0219ti","ror":"https://ror.org/0558j5q12","country_code":"RO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I61641377"]}],"countries":["RO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mihai Dascalu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Academy of Romanian Scientists, Str. Ilfov, Nr. 3, 050044 Bucharest, Romania","Department of Computer Science, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 313 Splaiul Independentei, 060042 Bucharest, Romania"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4815-9227","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Academy of Romanian Scientists, Str. Ilfov, Nr. 3, 050044 Bucharest, Romania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33800924"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 313 Splaiul Independentei, 060042 Bucharest, Romania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I61641377"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083269053","display_name":"Natalie Newton","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I55732556","display_name":"Arizona State University","ror":"https://ror.org/03efmqc40","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I55732556"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Natalie N. Newton","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, P.O. Box 871104, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, P.O. Box 871104, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55732556"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082871087","display_name":"Ellen Orcutt","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7257-0999"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130238516","display_name":"University of Minnesota","ror":"https://ror.org/017zqws13","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130238516"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ellen Orcutt","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Educational Psychology, University of Minnesota, 56 East River Road, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Educational Psychology, University of Minnesota, 56 East River Road, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130238516"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081661094","display_name":"Danielle S. McNamara","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5869-1420"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I55732556","display_name":"Arizona State University","ror":"https://ror.org/03efmqc40","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I55732556"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Danielle S. McNamara","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, P.O. Box 871104, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, P.O. Box 871104, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55732556"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5004153380"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I61641377"],"apc_list":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1782},"apc_paid":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1782},"fwci":1.0405,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":11,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.81800189,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"10","issue":"12","first_page":"166","last_page":"166"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13629","display_name":"Text Readability and Simplification","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.998199999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/paraphrase","display_name":"Paraphrase","score":0.9939581751823425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7985148429870605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.7878599762916565},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7489395141601562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.6555458307266235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transfer-of-learning","display_name":"Transfer of learning","score":0.6052124500274658},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/identification","display_name":"Identification (biology)","score":0.49508777260780334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quality","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","score":0.47963935136795044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.39352476596832275}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780922921","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q255189","display_name":"Paraphrase","level":2,"score":0.9939581751823425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7985148429870605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.7878599762916565},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7489395141601562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.6555458307266235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150899416","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1820378","display_name":"Transfer of learning","level":2,"score":0.6052124500274658},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.49508777260780334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779530757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207505","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.47963935136795044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.39352476596832275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59822182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q441","display_name":"Botany","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/computers10120166","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computers10120166","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-431X/10/12/166/pdf?version=1638785606","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210228075","display_name":"Computers","issn_l":"2073-431X","issn":["2073-431X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computers","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:ca8803d2513f422da4c3c505cb967057","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/ca8803d2513f422da4c3c505cb967057","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Computers, Vol 10, Iss 12, p 166 (2021)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/computers10120166","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computers10120166","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-431X/10/12/166/pdf?version=1638785606","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210228075","display_name":"Computers","issn_l":"2073-431X","issn":["2073-431X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computers","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8899999856948853,"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5204467168","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"N00014-17-1-2300","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337345","funder_display_name":"Office of Naval Research"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6766445803","display_name":"iSTART-Early: Interactive Strategy Training for Active Reading and Thinking for Young Developing Readers","funder_award_id":"R305A190050","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332210","funder_display_name":"Institute of Education Sciences"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8872670767","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"N00014-20-1-2623","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337345","funder_display_name":"Office of Naval Research"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332210","display_name":"Institute of Education Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/04et59085"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337345","display_name":"Office of Naval Research","ror":"https://ror.org/00rk2pe57"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4200568286.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4200568286.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":31,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W131533222","https://openalex.org/W1505894463","https://openalex.org/W1647671624","https://openalex.org/W2026760181","https://openalex.org/W2029634680","https://openalex.org/W2041179101","https://openalex.org/W2055792520","https://openalex.org/W2064675550","https://openalex.org/W2101234009","https://openalex.org/W2118021410","https://openalex.org/W2120615054","https://openalex.org/W2152180407","https://openalex.org/W2250539671","https://openalex.org/W2250565861","https://openalex.org/W2904551931","https://openalex.org/W2906152891","https://openalex.org/W2953075226","https://openalex.org/W2964301648","https://openalex.org/W2970559004","https://openalex.org/W2979826702","https://openalex.org/W3011411500","https://openalex.org/W3105966348","https://openalex.org/W3180255367","https://openalex.org/W3196988816","https://openalex.org/W6636915900","https://openalex.org/W6675354045","https://openalex.org/W6682338420","https://openalex.org/W6691225611","https://openalex.org/W6691444529","https://openalex.org/W6722321352","https://openalex.org/W6757532409"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2978707643","https://openalex.org/W4378713476","https://openalex.org/W2294233724","https://openalex.org/W2169813772","https://openalex.org/W2736149021","https://openalex.org/W2007563177","https://openalex.org/W4248451614","https://openalex.org/W4310803295","https://openalex.org/W1973985309","https://openalex.org/W3132357981"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Learning":[0],"to":[1,28,32,129],"paraphrase":[2,127,147,169,249],"supports":[3],"both":[4,220],"writing":[5],"ability":[6],"and":[7,39,90,96,115,157,223],"reading":[8],"comprehension,":[9],"particularly":[10],"for":[11,143,173,216],"less":[12],"skilled":[13],"learners.":[14],"As":[15],"such,":[16],"educational":[17],"tools":[18],"that":[19,49,244],"integrate":[20],"automated":[21],"evaluations":[22],"of":[23,71,133,240],"paraphrases":[24,134,156,163],"can":[25,252],"be":[26,253],"used":[27,172],"provide":[29],"timely":[30],"feedback":[31],"enhance":[33],"learner":[34],"paraphrasing":[35],"skills":[36],"more":[37,65],"efficiently":[38],"effectively.":[40],"Paraphrase":[41,59,152,184],"identification":[42,170,250],"is":[43,62,178],"a":[44,56,63,124,158],"popular":[45],"NLP":[46],"classification":[47],"task":[48,177],"involves":[50],"establishing":[51],"whether":[52],"two":[53],"sentences":[54,72],"share":[55],"similar":[57],"meaning.":[58],"quality":[60,132],"assessment":[61],"slightly":[64],"complex":[66],"task,":[67],"in":[68,205,263],"which":[69],"pairs":[70],"are":[73,141],"evaluated":[74],"in-depth":[75],"across":[76,135,207],"multiple":[77],"dimensions.":[78,138,210],"In":[79],"this":[80],"study,":[81],"we":[82],"focus":[83],"on":[84,165],"four":[85,137,209],"dimensions:":[86],"lexical,":[87],"syntactical,":[88],"semantic,":[89],"overall":[91],"quality.":[92],"Our":[93],"study":[94],"introduces":[95],"evaluates":[97],"various":[98],"machine":[99],"learning":[100,122,176,246],"models":[101,227],"using":[102,112,212,247],"handcrafted":[103],"features":[104],"combined":[105],"with":[106,120,161],"Extra":[107],"Trees,":[108],"Siamese":[109,224],"neural":[110,225],"networks":[111],"BiLSTM":[113],"RNNs,":[114],"pretrained":[116],"BERT-based":[117],"models,":[118],"together":[119],"transfer":[121,175,245],"from":[123,214],"larger":[125],"general":[126],"corpus,":[128],"estimate":[130],"the":[131,136,144,174,179,190,198,208,217,221,257],"Two":[139],"datasets":[140,251],"considered":[142],"tasks":[145],"involving":[146],"quality:":[148],"ULPC":[149,191,215],"(User":[150],"Language":[151],"Corpus)":[153,185],"containing":[154,186],"1998":[155],"smaller":[159],"dataset":[160,171,181],"115":[162],"based":[164],"children\u2019s":[166],"inputs.":[167],"The":[168,238],"MSRP":[180],"(Microsoft":[182],"Research":[183],"5801":[187],"paraphrases.":[188],"On":[189],"dataset,":[192,219],"our":[193],"BERT":[194,222],"model":[195],"improves":[196],"upon":[197,229],"previous":[199],"baseline":[200],"by":[201,233],"at":[202,234,256],"least":[203,235],"0.1":[204],"F1-score":[206],"When":[211],"fine-tuning":[213],"children":[218],"network":[226],"improve":[228],"their":[230],"original":[231],"scores":[232],"0.11":[236],"F1-score.":[237],"results":[239,262],"these":[241],"experiments":[242],"suggest":[243],"generic":[248],"successful,":[254],"while":[255],"same":[258],"time":[259],"obtaining":[260],"comparable":[261],"fewer":[264],"epochs.":[265]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}