{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3212714718","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computers10110152","title":"Two-Bit Embedding Histogram-Prediction-Error Based Reversible Data Hiding for Medical Images with Smooth Area","display_name":"Two-Bit Embedding Histogram-Prediction-Error Based Reversible Data Hiding for Medical Images with Smooth Area","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-11-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3212714718","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computers10110152","mag":"3212714718"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/computers10110152","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computers10110152","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-431X/10/11/152/pdf?version=1637224447","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210228075","display_name":"Computers","issn_l":"2073-431X","issn":["2073-431X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computers","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-431X/10/11/152/pdf?version=1637224447","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019168592","display_name":"Ching-Yu Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9593-8728"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16733864","display_name":"National Taiwan University","ror":"https://ror.org/05bqach95","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16733864"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ching-Yu Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16733864"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050840236","display_name":"Ja\u2010Ling Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3631-1551"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16733864","display_name":"National Taiwan University","ror":"https://ror.org/05bqach95","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16733864"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ja-Ling Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan","Graduate Institute of Networking and Multimedia, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16733864"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate Institute of Networking and Multimedia, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16733864"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5050840236"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16733864"],"apc_list":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1732},"apc_paid":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1732},"fwci":0.3843,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.61813725,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"10","issue":"11","first_page":"152","last_page":"152"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10388","display_name":"Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10388","display_name":"Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12357","display_name":"Digital Media Forensic Detection","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11017","display_name":"Chaos-based Image/Signal Encryption","score":0.9947999715805054,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/histogram","display_name":"Histogram","score":0.7275334596633911},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6761650443077087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedding","display_name":"Embedding","score":0.6670979261398315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metadata","display_name":"Metadata","score":0.6550350189208984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dicom","display_name":"DICOM","score":0.6346463561058044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5750460028648376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-hiding","display_name":"Information hiding","score":0.5416647791862488},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.5358902812004089},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distortion","display_name":"Distortion (music)","score":0.5297083854675293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.46897730231285095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.07827439904212952}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53533937","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185020","display_name":"Histogram","level":3,"score":0.7275334596633911},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6761650443077087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41608201","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q980509","display_name":"Embedding","level":2,"score":0.6670979261398315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93518851","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180160","display_name":"Metadata","level":2,"score":0.6550350189208984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77331912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q81095","display_name":"DICOM","level":2,"score":0.6346463561058044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5750460028648376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3073032","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15912075","display_name":"Information hiding","level":3,"score":0.5416647791862488},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.5358902812004089},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126780896","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q899871","display_name":"Distortion (music)","level":4,"score":0.5297083854675293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.46897730231285095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.07827439904212952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776257435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1576430","display_name":"Bandwidth (computing)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194257627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q211554","display_name":"Amplifier","level":3,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/computers10110152","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computers10110152","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-431X/10/11/152/pdf?version=1637224447","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210228075","display_name":"Computers","issn_l":"2073-431X","issn":["2073-431X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computers","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:88db299a87604c45969e29256df7b00d","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/88db299a87604c45969e29256df7b00d","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Computers, Vol 10, Iss 11, p 152 (2021)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/computers10110152","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computers10110152","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-431X/10/11/152/pdf?version=1637224447","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210228075","display_name":"Computers","issn_l":"2073-431X","issn":["2073-431X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computers","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","score":0.7200000286102295,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3212714718.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3212714718.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":30,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W160497717","https://openalex.org/W1600184714","https://openalex.org/W1955882805","https://openalex.org/W1997244559","https://openalex.org/W2041560266","https://openalex.org/W2053660047","https://openalex.org/W2069314928","https://openalex.org/W2069443469","https://openalex.org/W2070482985","https://openalex.org/W2121393355","https://openalex.org/W2135459805","https://openalex.org/W2137288380","https://openalex.org/W2151346626","https://openalex.org/W2159390040","https://openalex.org/W2170269447","https://openalex.org/W2337678523","https://openalex.org/W2407786055","https://openalex.org/W2588755242","https://openalex.org/W2811082328","https://openalex.org/W2899516348","https://openalex.org/W2903241858","https://openalex.org/W2911351589","https://openalex.org/W2964522594","https://openalex.org/W2982099191","https://openalex.org/W3126880801","https://openalex.org/W3179297907","https://openalex.org/W4253000688","https://openalex.org/W6606484993","https://openalex.org/W6758019784","https://openalex.org/W6766868121"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2897252078","https://openalex.org/W2052838852","https://openalex.org/W2168959081","https://openalex.org/W2052231930","https://openalex.org/W3190769222","https://openalex.org/W2092582715","https://openalex.org/W2769668853","https://openalex.org/W2376223597","https://openalex.org/W3028462381","https://openalex.org/W1965900883"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"During":[0],"medical":[1,16,78,153],"treatment,":[2],"personal":[3],"privacy":[4],"is":[5,37,96],"involved":[6],"and":[7,46,90,105,107,117,165,184,190],"must":[8],"be":[9,48,83],"protected.":[10],"Healthcare":[11],"institutions":[12],"have":[13,24,57,179],"to":[14,30,63,120,134,195],"keep":[15],"images":[17,81,154],"or":[18],"health":[19],"information":[20],"secret":[21],"unless":[22],"they":[23],"permission":[25],"from":[26],"the":[27,54,131,142,145,176,185],"data":[28,34,56,178],"owner":[29],"disclose":[31],"them.":[32],"Reversible":[33],"hiding":[35,75],"(RDH)":[36],"a":[38,65,73],"technique":[39],"that":[40,173],"embeds":[41],"metadata":[42,122],"into":[43,85,123],"an":[44],"image":[45],"can":[47,82],"recovered":[49],"without":[50],"any":[51],"distortion":[52,194],"after":[53],"hidden":[55,177],"been":[58,180],"extracted.":[59],"This":[60],"work":[61],"aims":[62],"develop":[64],"fully":[66],"reversible":[67],"two-bit":[68],"embedding":[69,128],"RDH":[70],"algorithm":[71,129],"with":[72,98],"large":[74],"capacity":[76,189],"for":[77,102],"images.":[79],"Medical":[80],"partitioned":[84],"regions":[86,91],"of":[87,92,144,152,175],"interest":[88],"(ROI)":[89],"noninterest":[93],"(RONI).":[94],"ROI":[95,135],"informative":[97],"semantic":[99],"meanings":[100],"essential":[101],"clinical":[103],"applications":[104],"diagnosis":[106],"cannot":[108],"tolerate":[109],"subtle":[110],"changes.":[111],"Therefore,":[112],"we":[113,148],"utilize":[114],"histogram":[115],"shifting":[116],"prediction":[118],"error":[119],"embed":[121],"RONI.":[124],"In":[125],"addition,":[126],"our":[127],"minimizes":[130],"side":[132],"effect":[133],"as":[136,138],"much":[137],"possible.":[139],"To":[140],"verify":[141],"effectiveness":[143],"proposed":[146],"approach,":[147],"benchmarked":[149],"three":[150],"types":[151],"in":[155,182],"DICOM":[156],"format,":[157],"namely":[158],"X-ray":[159],"photography":[160],"(X-ray),":[161],"computer":[162],"tomography":[163],"(CT),":[164],"magnetic":[166],"resonance":[167],"imaging":[168],"(MRI).":[169],"Experimental":[170],"results":[171],"show":[172],"most":[174],"embedded":[181],"RONI,":[183],"performance":[186],"achieves":[187],"high":[188],"leaves":[191],"less":[192],"visible":[193],"ROIs.":[196]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2021-11-22T00:00:00"}