{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3191963300","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computers10080095","title":"A Comparative Analysis of Semi-Supervised Learning in Detecting Burst Header Packet Flooding Attack in Optical Burst Switching Network","display_name":"A Comparative Analysis of Semi-Supervised Learning in Detecting Burst Header Packet Flooding Attack in Optical Burst Switching Network","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-08-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3191963300","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computers10080095","mag":"3191963300"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/computers10080095","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computers10080095","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-431X/10/8/95/pdf?version=1628144282","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210228075","display_name":"Computers","issn_l":"2073-431X","issn":["2073-431X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computers","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-431X/10/8/95/pdf?version=1628144282","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061728863","display_name":"Md. Kamrul Hossain","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102782458","display_name":"Chittagong University of Engineering & Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/052qsay17","country_code":"BD","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102782458"]}],"countries":["BD"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Md. Kamrul Hossain","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Information and Communication Technology, Chittagong University of Engineering and Technology, Chattogram 4349, Bangladesh"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Information and Communication Technology, Chittagong University of Engineering and Technology, Chattogram 4349, Bangladesh","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102782458"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044481298","display_name":"Md. Mokammel Haque","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3396-6568"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102782458","display_name":"Chittagong University of Engineering & Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/052qsay17","country_code":"BD","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102782458"]}],"countries":["BD"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Md. Mokammel Haque","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Chittagong University of Engineering and Technology, Chattogram 4349, Bangladesh"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Chittagong University of Engineering and Technology, Chattogram 4349, Bangladesh","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102782458"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089476507","display_name":"M. Ali Akber Dewan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6347-7509"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I86897205","display_name":"Athabasca University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y3xgc52","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I86897205"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"M. Ali Akber Dewan","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing and Information Systems, Faculty of Science and Technology, Athabasca University, Edmonton, AB T5J 3S8, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing and Information Systems, Faculty of Science and Technology, Athabasca University, Edmonton, AB T5J 3S8, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86897205"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5089476507"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86897205"],"apc_list":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1732},"apc_paid":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1732},"fwci":0.1528,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.50176451,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"10","issue":"8","first_page":"95","last_page":"95"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9980999827384949,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9980999827384949,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11512","display_name":"Anomaly Detection Techniques and Applications","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":0.9769999980926514,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6983718276023865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.69704270362854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mixture-model","display_name":"Mixture model","score":0.6834869384765625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/leverage","display_name":"Leverage (statistics)","score":0.6043902635574341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/header","display_name":"Header","score":0.5714907646179199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.5525357127189636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/precision-and-recall","display_name":"Precision and recall","score":0.5207750201225281},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/block","display_name":"Block (permutation group theory)","score":0.509243369102478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cluster-analysis","display_name":"Cluster analysis","score":0.48546984791755676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/supervised-learning","display_name":"Supervised learning","score":0.4537529945373535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.45203864574432373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/class","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","score":0.4387964606285095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.4146055579185486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.3820410370826721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.24255535006523132},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.12070900201797485}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6983718276023865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.69704270362854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61224824","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2260434","display_name":"Mixture model","level":2,"score":0.6834869384765625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153083717","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6535263","display_name":"Leverage (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.6043902635574341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48105269","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1141160","display_name":"Header","level":2,"score":0.5714907646179199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.5525357127189636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81669768","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2359161","display_name":"Precision and recall","level":2,"score":0.5207750201225281},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777210771","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4927124","display_name":"Block (permutation group theory)","level":2,"score":0.509243369102478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73555534","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q622825","display_name":"Cluster analysis","level":2,"score":0.48546984791755676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136389625","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q334384","display_name":"Supervised learning","level":3,"score":0.4537529945373535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.45203864574432373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777212361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5127848","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.4387964606285095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.4146055579185486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.3820410370826721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.24255535006523132},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.12070900201797485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/computers10080095","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computers10080095","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-431X/10/8/95/pdf?version=1628144282","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210228075","display_name":"Computers","issn_l":"2073-431X","issn":["2073-431X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computers","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:93ef9e23f7e14fe69ae1f364deeabc90","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/93ef9e23f7e14fe69ae1f364deeabc90","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Computers, Vol 10, Iss 8, p 95 (2021)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/computers10080095","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computers10080095","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-431X/10/8/95/pdf?version=1628144282","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210228075","display_name":"Computers","issn_l":"2073-431X","issn":["2073-431X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computers","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.75}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3191963300.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3191963300.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":49,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W623793480","https://openalex.org/W1481277647","https://openalex.org/W1596077776","https://openalex.org/W1658960529","https://openalex.org/W1677182931","https://openalex.org/W1968817125","https://openalex.org/W2011430131","https://openalex.org/W2040356073","https://openalex.org/W2048679005","https://openalex.org/W2050294221","https://openalex.org/W2050920809","https://openalex.org/W2056132907","https://openalex.org/W2079729799","https://openalex.org/W2096118443","https://openalex.org/W2101234009","https://openalex.org/W2108501770","https://openalex.org/W2108712612","https://openalex.org/W2115553938","https://openalex.org/W2118175771","https://openalex.org/W2137166796","https://openalex.org/W2149819026","https://openalex.org/W2287962153","https://openalex.org/W2295598076","https://openalex.org/W2547191617","https://openalex.org/W2773275559","https://openalex.org/W2790999571","https://openalex.org/W2791979966","https://openalex.org/W2803642127","https://openalex.org/W2809684781","https://openalex.org/W2901539244","https://openalex.org/W2904969546","https://openalex.org/W2972553790","https://openalex.org/W2979635915","https://openalex.org/W2987201163","https://openalex.org/W3003885731","https://openalex.org/W3014870474","https://openalex.org/W3019913914","https://openalex.org/W3029854981","https://openalex.org/W3081125651","https://openalex.org/W3144407543","https://openalex.org/W3149647141","https://openalex.org/W3150719513","https://openalex.org/W4235120320","https://openalex.org/W4251073723","https://openalex.org/W6675354045","https://openalex.org/W6675944832","https://openalex.org/W6677439797","https://openalex.org/W6752028980","https://openalex.org/W6776318524"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2171597999","https://openalex.org/W2189136227","https://openalex.org/W1866537546","https://openalex.org/W630850086","https://openalex.org/W3200508093","https://openalex.org/W4372053344","https://openalex.org/W3193978431","https://openalex.org/W2379752180","https://openalex.org/W2519240373","https://openalex.org/W1496096987"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1],"presents":[2],"a":[3,28,34,39,45,79,98,126,131,241],"comparative":[4],"analysis":[5],"of":[6,31,48,66,82,91,97,134,141,173,189,207],"four":[7,54,142,156],"semi-supervised":[8,58],"machine":[9],"learning":[10,226],"(SSML)":[11],"algorithms":[12],"for":[13,68,87,110,124,145],"detecting":[14],"malicious":[15],"nodes":[16],"in":[17,57],"an":[18,64],"optical":[19],"burst":[20],"switching":[21],"(OBS)":[22],"network.":[23],"The":[24,230],"SSML":[25,73,115,143,219,236],"approaches":[26,55,74,144,181,199,220,238],"include":[27],"modified":[29,46],"version":[30,47],"K-means":[32,178,194],"clustering,":[33],"Gaussian":[35],"mixture":[36],"model":[37],"(GMM),":[38],"classical":[40,197],"self-training":[41,49],"(ST)":[42],"model,":[43],"and":[44,89,103,152,155,161,168,179,195],"(MST)":[50],"model.":[51,94],"All":[52],"the":[53,61,69,92,111,121,139,174,177,185,190,193,196,203,208,211,214,218,235,250],"work":[56],"fashion,":[59],"while":[60],"MST":[62,212],"uses":[63],"ensemble":[65],"classifiers":[67],"final":[70],"decision":[71],"making.":[72],"are":[75],"particularly":[76],"useful":[77],"when":[78,240],"limited":[80],"number":[81],"labeled":[83,244],"data":[84,123,245],"is":[85,101,107,246],"available":[86,247],"training":[88],"validation":[90],"classification":[93,251],"Manual":[95],"labeling":[96],"large":[99],"dataset":[100],"complex":[102],"time":[104],"consuming.":[105],"It":[106],"even":[108],"worse":[109],"OBS":[112],"network":[113],"data.":[114,136],"can":[116],"be":[117],"used":[118],"to":[119,248],"leverage":[120],"unlabeled":[122],"making":[125],"better":[127,183,201],"prediction":[128],"than":[129,184,202],"using":[130,165],"smaller":[132,242],"set":[133],"labelled":[135],"We":[137],"evaluated":[138],"performance":[140],"two":[146,224],"(Behaving,":[147,150],"Not-behaving),":[148,154],"three":[149],"Not-behaving,":[151],"Potentially":[153],"(No-Block,":[157],"Block,":[158],"NB-":[159],"wait":[160],"NB-No-Block)":[162],"class":[163],"classifications":[164],"precision,":[166],"recall,":[167],"F1":[169],"score.":[170],"In":[171,187,205],"case":[172,188,206],"two-class":[175],"classification,":[176,192,210],"GMM-based":[180],"performed":[182,200],"others.":[186,204],"three-class":[191],"ST":[198],"four-class":[209],"showed":[213,233],"best":[215],"performance.":[216],"Finally,":[217],"were":[221],"compared":[222],"with":[223],"supervised":[225],"(SL)":[227],"based":[228,237],"approaches.":[229],"comparison":[231],"results":[232],"that":[234],"outperform":[239],"sized":[243],"train":[249],"models.":[252]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2021-08-16T00:00:00"}
