{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3123074381","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computers10010012","title":"A Generic Encapsulation to Unravel Social Spreading of a Pandemic: An Underlying Architecture","display_name":"A Generic Encapsulation to Unravel Social Spreading of a Pandemic: An Underlying Architecture","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3123074381","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computers10010012","mag":"3123074381"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/computers10010012","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computers10010012","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-431X/10/1/12/pdf?version=1611218754","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210228075","display_name":"Computers","issn_l":"2073-431X","issn":["2073-431X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computers","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-431X/10/1/12/pdf?version=1611218754","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033604188","display_name":"Saad Alqithami","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2111-3456"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I52207611","display_name":"Al Baha University","ror":"https://ror.org/0403jak37","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I52207611"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Saad Alqithami","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Albaha University, Al Bahah 65527, Saudi Arabia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Albaha University, Al Bahah 65527, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52207611"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5033604188"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52207611"],"apc_list":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1732},"apc_paid":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1732},"fwci":0.3583,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.5344397,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"10","issue":"1","first_page":"12","last_page":"12"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10410","display_name":"COVID-19 epidemiological studies","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2611","display_name":"Modeling and Simulation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10410","display_name":"COVID-19 epidemiological studies","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2611","display_name":"Modeling and Simulation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10064","display_name":"Complex Network Analysis Techniques","score":0.9959999918937683,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3109","display_name":"Statistical and Nonlinear Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13283","display_name":"Mental Health Research Topics","score":0.9908000230789185,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pandemic","display_name":"Pandemic","score":0.6190728545188904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-distance","display_name":"Social distance","score":0.5144798755645752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.49942564964294434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coronavirus-disease-2019","display_name":"Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)","score":0.48361268639564514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/population","display_name":"Population","score":0.4427054524421692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/architecture","display_name":"Architecture","score":0.4340667426586151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.37924233078956604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.3466480076313019},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/risk-analysis","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","score":0.32875901460647583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/disease","display_name":"Disease","score":0.2585296034812927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/infectious-disease","display_name":"Infectious disease (medical specialty)","score":0.25584012269973755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.19310858845710754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sociology","display_name":"Sociology","score":0.18434670567512512},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.1742916703224182},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.12206202745437622}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89623803","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12184","display_name":"Pandemic","level":5,"score":0.6190728545188904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C172656115","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2142613","display_name":"Social distance","level":5,"score":0.5144798755645752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.49942564964294434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3008058167","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q84263196","display_name":"Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)","level":4,"score":0.48361268639564514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.4427054524421692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123657996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12271","display_name":"Architecture","level":2,"score":0.4340667426586151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.37924233078956604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.3466480076313019},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112930515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4389547","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","level":1,"score":0.32875901460647583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779134260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12136","display_name":"Disease","level":2,"score":0.2585296034812927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C524204448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q788926","display_name":"Infectious disease (medical specialty)","level":3,"score":0.25584012269973755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.19310858845710754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.18434670567512512},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.1742916703224182},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.12206202745437622},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/computers10010012","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computers10010012","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-431X/10/1/12/pdf?version=1611218754","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210228075","display_name":"Computers","issn_l":"2073-431X","issn":["2073-431X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computers","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:6648384641984b08a8f7b596ca765a9f","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/6648384641984b08a8f7b596ca765a9f","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Computers, Vol 10, Iss 1, p 12 (2021)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/computers10010012","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computers10010012","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-431X/10/1/12/pdf?version=1611218754","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210228075","display_name":"Computers","issn_l":"2073-431X","issn":["2073-431X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computers","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8299999833106995,"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3123074381.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3123074381.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":50,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W40101545","https://openalex.org/W1501825524","https://openalex.org/W1977207014","https://openalex.org/W1983988256","https://openalex.org/W2009919904","https://openalex.org/W2039048406","https://openalex.org/W2058559948","https://openalex.org/W2065769502","https://openalex.org/W2065994824","https://openalex.org/W2068836782","https://openalex.org/W2071802245","https://openalex.org/W2097050150","https://openalex.org/W2133328671","https://openalex.org/W2151936673","https://openalex.org/W2158551555","https://openalex.org/W2592794251","https://openalex.org/W2598756243","https://openalex.org/W2955141517","https://openalex.org/W2983896310","https://openalex.org/W3007940623","https://openalex.org/W3009041394","https://openalex.org/W3009335299","https://openalex.org/W3009885589","https://openalex.org/W3010776453","https://openalex.org/W3010921212","https://openalex.org/W3013101185","https://openalex.org/W3013547516","https://openalex.org/W3013627785","https://openalex.org/W3013960962","https://openalex.org/W3014084098","https://openalex.org/W3015546620","https://openalex.org/W3015634214","https://openalex.org/W3015988827","https://openalex.org/W3016019826","https://openalex.org/W3016528319","https://openalex.org/W3017197529","https://openalex.org/W3018272089","https://openalex.org/W3025002824","https://openalex.org/W3028059896","https://openalex.org/W3099180865","https://openalex.org/W3103071483","https://openalex.org/W3106407603","https://openalex.org/W3116362583","https://openalex.org/W3120743304","https://openalex.org/W3121584102","https://openalex.org/W3121781218","https://openalex.org/W3122083466","https://openalex.org/W3132732596","https://openalex.org/W3168941766","https://openalex.org/W6683503698"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3035391215","https://openalex.org/W4287761470","https://openalex.org/W4308651111","https://openalex.org/W3094130624","https://openalex.org/W4382894326","https://openalex.org/W3142156237","https://openalex.org/W4248498787","https://openalex.org/W3035105474","https://openalex.org/W4321326924","https://openalex.org/W3094221754"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Cases":[0],"of":[1,21,37,46,64,102,125,129,169,178,184,186,228,230],"a":[2,29,86,156,182,234,243,252],"new":[3],"emergent":[4],"infectious":[5],"disease":[6],"caused":[7],"by":[8,54,98,154],"mutations":[9],"in":[10,60,75,94,136,151,213,224,251,265],"the":[11,34,38,43,100,122,126,146,179,195,218,226,262,266],"coronavirus":[12],"family,":[13],"called":[14],"\u201cCOVID-19,\u201d":[15],"have":[16,72],"spiked":[17],"recently,":[18],"affecting":[19],"millions":[20],"people,":[22],"and":[23,70,120,148,165,189,203],"this":[24,114],"has":[25],"been":[26],"classified":[27],"as":[28,242],"global":[30],"pandemic":[31],"due":[32],"to":[33,77,105,162,216,248,260],"wide":[35],"spread":[36,124,229,264],"virus.":[39],"Epidemiologically,":[40],"humans":[41],"are":[42,52,222],"targeted":[44],"hosts":[45],"COVID-19,":[47],"whereby":[48],"indirect/direct":[49],"transmission":[50],"pathways":[51],"mitigated":[53],"social/spatial":[55,65],"distancing.":[56],"People":[57],"naturally":[58],"exist":[59],"dynamically":[61],"cascading":[62],"networks":[63,153],"interactions.":[66],"Their":[67],"rational":[68],"actions":[69],"interactions":[71],"huge":[73],"uncertainties":[74,97],"regard":[76],"common":[78],"social":[79,149],"contagions":[80,104,150],"with":[81,140,199],"rapid":[82],"network":[83,245,267],"proliferations":[84],"on":[85,132],"daily":[87],"basis.":[88],"Different":[89],"parameters":[90],"play":[91],"big":[92],"roles":[93],"minimizing":[95],"such":[96,103],"shaping":[99],"understanding":[101],"include":[106],"cultures,":[107],"beliefs,":[108],"norms,":[109],"values,":[110],"ethics,":[111],"etc.":[112],"Thus,":[113],"work":[115],"is":[116,197,246],"directed":[117],"toward":[118],"investigating":[119],"predicting":[121],"viral":[123,231,263],"current":[127],"wave":[128],"COVID-19":[130],"based":[131],"human":[133],"socio-behavioral":[134],"analyses":[135,185],"various":[137],"community":[138],"settings":[139],"unknown":[141],"structural":[142],"patterns.":[143],"We":[144,256],"examine":[145],"spreading":[147,250],"unstructured":[152],"proposing":[155],"model":[157],"that":[158,209,238],"should":[159],"be":[160,211],"able":[161],"(1)":[163],"reorganize":[164],"synthesize":[166],"infected":[167],"clusters":[168],"any":[170,175,200],"networked":[171],"agents,":[172],"(2)":[173],"clarify":[174],"noteworthy":[176],"members":[177],"population":[180],"through":[181],"series":[183],"their":[187],"behavioral":[188],"cognitive":[190],"capabilities,":[191],"(3)":[192],"predict":[193],"where":[194],"direction":[196],"heading":[198],"possible":[201],"outcomes,":[202],"(4)":[204],"propose":[205],"applicable":[206],"intervention":[207],"tactics":[208],"can":[210],"helpful":[212],"creating":[214],"strategies":[215],"mitigate":[217],"spread.":[219],"Such":[220],"properties":[221],"essential":[223],"managing":[225],"rate":[227],"infections.":[232],"Furthermore,":[233],"novel":[235],"spectra-based":[236],"methodology":[237],"leverages":[239],"configuration":[240],"models":[241],"reference":[244],"proposed":[247],"quantify":[249],"given":[253],"candidate":[254],"network.":[255],"derive":[257],"mathematical":[258],"formulations":[259],"demonstrate":[261],"structures.":[268]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}