{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3133378905","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computation9020020","title":"Deep Learning for Fake News Detection in a Pairwise Textual Input Schema","display_name":"Deep Learning for Fake News Detection in a Pairwise Textual Input Schema","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-02-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3133378905","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computation9020020","mag":"3133378905"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/computation9020020","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computation9020020","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2079-3197/9/2/20/pdf?version=1614309395","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2738402919","display_name":"Computation","issn_l":"2079-3197","issn":["2079-3197"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computation","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2079-3197/9/2/20/pdf?version=1614309395","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057485934","display_name":"Despoina Mouratidis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2844-5488"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I187792471","display_name":"Ionian University","ror":"https://ror.org/01xm4n520","country_code":"GR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I187792471"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Despoina Mouratidis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Informatics, Ionian University, 49100 Corfu, Greece"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2844-5488","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Informatics, Ionian University, 49100 Corfu, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I187792471"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039930127","display_name":"Maria Nefeli Nikiforos","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0118-8821"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I187792471","display_name":"Ionian University","ror":"https://ror.org/01xm4n520","country_code":"GR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I187792471"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Maria Nefeli Nikiforos","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Informatics, Ionian University, 49100 Corfu, Greece"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0118-8821","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Informatics, Ionian University, 49100 Corfu, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I187792471"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002938093","display_name":"Katia Lida Kermanidis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3270-5078"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I187792471","display_name":"Ionian University","ror":"https://ror.org/01xm4n520","country_code":"GR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I187792471"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Katia Lida Kermanidis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Informatics, Ionian University, 49100 Corfu, Greece"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3270-5078","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Informatics, Ionian University, 49100 Corfu, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I187792471"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5057485934"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I187792471"],"apc_list":{"value":1800,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2172},"apc_paid":{"value":1800,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2172},"fwci":11.8666,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":45,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98354582,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":"2","first_page":"20","last_page":"20"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11147","display_name":"Misinformation and Its Impacts","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11147","display_name":"Misinformation and Its Impacts","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11644","display_name":"Spam and Phishing Detection","score":0.994700014591217,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9728999733924866,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8099265098571777},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pairwise-comparison","display_name":"Pairwise comparison","score":0.7084956765174866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fake-news","display_name":"Fake news","score":0.6473966836929321},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.6055881381034851},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5722032189369202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/schema","display_name":"Schema (genetic algorithms)","score":0.5546718835830688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/architecture","display_name":"Architecture","score":0.5423066020011902},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/word","display_name":"Word (group theory)","score":0.4446735680103302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.42314955592155457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-retrieval","display_name":"Information retrieval","score":0.38705483078956604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistics","display_name":"Linguistics","score":0.06662824749946594}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8099265098571777},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184898388","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1435712","display_name":"Pairwise comparison","level":2,"score":0.7084956765174866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779756789","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28549308","display_name":"Fake news","level":2,"score":0.6473966836929321},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.6055881381034851},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5722032189369202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52146309","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7431116","display_name":"Schema (genetic algorithms)","level":2,"score":0.5546718835830688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123657996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12271","display_name":"Architecture","level":2,"score":0.5423066020011902},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90805587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10944557","display_name":"Word (group theory)","level":2,"score":0.4446735680103302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.42314955592155457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826","display_name":"Information retrieval","level":1,"score":0.38705483078956604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.06662824749946594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108827166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175975","display_name":"Internet privacy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153349607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36649","display_name":"Visual arts","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/computation9020020","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computation9020020","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2079-3197/9/2/20/pdf?version=1614309395","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2738402919","display_name":"Computation","issn_l":"2079-3197","issn":["2079-3197"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computation","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:44e0c6a53f4e4dcd85611847ada1a1f8","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/44e0c6a53f4e4dcd85611847ada1a1f8","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Computation, Vol 9, Iss 2, p 20 (2021)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/computation9020020","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computation9020020","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2079-3197/9/2/20/pdf?version=1614309395","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2738402919","display_name":"Computation","issn_l":"2079-3197","issn":["2079-3197"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computation","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3133378905.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3133378905.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":37,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2101234009","https://openalex.org/W2133990480","https://openalex.org/W2148143831","https://openalex.org/W2742330194","https://openalex.org/W2765710004","https://openalex.org/W2963416784","https://openalex.org/W2964094426","https://openalex.org/W2971675764","https://openalex.org/W2977362130","https://openalex.org/W2981566181","https://openalex.org/W2984545517","https://openalex.org/W2991489463","https://openalex.org/W3007083472","https://openalex.org/W3007942474","https://openalex.org/W3022917197","https://openalex.org/W3027288733","https://openalex.org/W3028996368","https://openalex.org/W3030488697","https://openalex.org/W3031781733","https://openalex.org/W3032071886","https://openalex.org/W3034027410","https://openalex.org/W3035943656","https://openalex.org/W3047033363","https://openalex.org/W3090875905","https://openalex.org/W3101890897","https://openalex.org/W3101908935","https://openalex.org/W3103912187","https://openalex.org/W3110640267","https://openalex.org/W3110713756","https://openalex.org/W3124863924","https://openalex.org/W3198530906","https://openalex.org/W6675354045","https://openalex.org/W6768528014","https://openalex.org/W6903672366","https://openalex.org/W6922437125","https://openalex.org/W6948207360","https://openalex.org/W7037926283"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2487162673","https://openalex.org/W2793211469","https://openalex.org/W2949152769","https://openalex.org/W4372354731","https://openalex.org/W2942366970","https://openalex.org/W2807634898","https://openalex.org/W1692008701","https://openalex.org/W2597588799","https://openalex.org/W4360593462","https://openalex.org/W2562400057"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,46],"the":[1,4,55,141,151],"past":[2],"decade,":[3],"rapid":[5],"spread":[6],"of":[7,10,17,58],"large":[8],"volumes":[9],"online":[11],"information":[12],"among":[13],"an":[14,114],"increasing":[15],"number":[16],"social":[18],"network":[19,74,85,99],"users":[20,34],"is":[21,24],"observed.":[22],"It":[23],"a":[25,51,70],"phenomenon":[26],"that":[27,63,77],"has":[28],"often":[29],"been":[30],"exploited":[31],"by":[32],"malicious":[33],"and":[35,40,44,87,95,98,110,113,148],"entities,":[36],"which":[37],"forge,":[38],"distribute,":[39],"reproduce":[41],"fake":[42,59,132],"news":[43,60,108,111,133],"propaganda.":[45],"this":[47],"paper,":[48],"we":[49],"present":[50],"novel":[52,71],"approach":[53],"to":[54],"automatic":[56],"detection":[57],"on":[61],"Twitter":[62],"involves":[64],"(a)":[65],"pairwise":[66],"text":[67],"input,":[68],"(b)":[69],"deep":[72,137],"neural":[73],"learning":[75,138],"architecture":[76,139],"allows":[78],"for":[79],"flexible":[80],"input":[81,90],"fusion":[82],"at":[83],"various":[84,89],"layers,":[86],"(c)":[88],"modes,":[91],"like":[92],"word":[93],"embeddings":[94,149],"both":[96],"linguistic":[97],"account":[100],"features.":[101],"Furthermore,":[102],"tweets":[103],"are":[104],"innovatively":[105],"separated":[106],"into":[107],"headers":[109],"text,":[112],"extensive":[115],"experimental":[116],"setup":[117],"performs":[118],"classification":[119],"tests":[120],"using":[121,145],"both.":[122],"Our":[123],"main":[124],"results":[125],"show":[126],"high":[127],"overall":[128],"accuracy":[129],"performance":[130],"in":[131],"detection.":[134],"The":[135],"proposed":[136],"outperforms":[140],"state-of-the-art":[142],"classifiers,":[143],"while":[144],"fewer":[146],"features":[147],"from":[150],"tweet":[152],"text.":[153]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-08-27T14:10:00.468798","created_date":"2021-03-01T00:00:00"}
