{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3107973285","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computation8040104","title":"Classification of Categorical Data Based on the Chi-Square Dissimilarity and t-SNE","display_name":"Classification of Categorical Data Based on the Chi-Square Dissimilarity and t-SNE","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-12-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3107973285","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computation8040104","mag":"3107973285"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/computation8040104","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computation8040104","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2079-3197/8/4/104/pdf?version=1607080111","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2738402919","display_name":"Computation","issn_l":"2079-3197","issn":["2079-3197"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computation","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2079-3197/8/4/104/pdf?version=1607080111","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014672647","display_name":"Luis Ariosto Serna Cardona","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3985-4014"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200183955","display_name":"Technological University of Pereira","ror":"https://ror.org/01d981710","country_code":"CO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200183955"]}],"countries":["CO"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Luis Ariosto Serna Cardona","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electric Engineering, Universidad Tecnol\u00f3gica de Pereira, Pereira 660002, Colombia","Department of Engineering, Corporaci\u00f3n Instituto de Administraci\u00f3n y Finanzas (CIAF), Pereira 660002, Colombia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3985-4014","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electric Engineering, Universidad Tecnol\u00f3gica de Pereira, Pereira 660002, Colombia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200183955"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Engineering, Corporaci\u00f3n Instituto de Administraci\u00f3n y Finanzas (CIAF), Pereira 660002, Colombia","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012738847","display_name":"Hern\u00e1n Dar\u00edo Vargas-Cardona","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2086-3722"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I233745408","display_name":"Pontificia Universidad Javeriana","ror":"https://ror.org/03etyjw28","country_code":"CO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I233745408"]}],"countries":["CO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hern\u00e1n Dar\u00edo Vargas-Cardona","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronics and Computer Science, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana Cali, Cali 760031, Colombia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2086-3722","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics and Computer Science, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana Cali, Cali 760031, Colombia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I233745408"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Piedad Navarro Gonz\u00e1lez","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Piedad Navarro Gonz\u00e1lez","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Engineering, Corporaci\u00f3n Instituto de Administraci\u00f3n y Finanzas (CIAF), Pereira 660002, Colombia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Engineering, Corporaci\u00f3n Instituto de Administraci\u00f3n y Finanzas (CIAF), Pereira 660002, Colombia","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046787989","display_name":"David C\u00e1rdenas\u2010Pe\u00f1a","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0522-8683"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200183955","display_name":"Technological University of Pereira","ror":"https://ror.org/01d981710","country_code":"CO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200183955"]}],"countries":["CO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David Augusto Cardenas Pe\u00f1a","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electric Engineering, Universidad Tecnol\u00f3gica de Pereira, Pereira 660002, Colombia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0522-8683","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electric Engineering, Universidad Tecnol\u00f3gica de Pereira, Pereira 660002, Colombia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200183955"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012268339","display_name":"\u00c1lvaro A. Orozco","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1167-1446"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200183955","display_name":"Technological University of Pereira","ror":"https://ror.org/01d981710","country_code":"CO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200183955"]}],"countries":["CO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"\u00c1lvaro \u00c1ngel Orozco Guti\u00e9rrez","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electric Engineering, Universidad Tecnol\u00f3gica de Pereira, Pereira 660002, Colombia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electric Engineering, Universidad Tecnol\u00f3gica de Pereira, Pereira 660002, Colombia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200183955"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5014672647"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200183955"],"apc_list":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"apc_paid":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"fwci":1.4961,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":15,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.86748332,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":"4","first_page":"104","last_page":"104"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11512","display_name":"Anomaly Detection Techniques and Applications","score":0.9932000041007996,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11512","display_name":"Anomaly Detection Techniques and Applications","score":0.9932000041007996,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.9914000034332275,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12535","display_name":"Machine Learning and Data Classification","score":0.9873999953269958,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/categorical-variable","display_name":"Categorical variable","score":0.9394849538803101},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6323415637016296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dimensionality-reduction","display_name":"Dimensionality reduction","score":0.6151113510131836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5883184671401978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/curse-of-dimensionality","display_name":"Curse of dimensionality","score":0.5806939005851746},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/support-vector-machine","display_name":"Support vector machine","score":0.5762725472450256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.5136517882347107},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.5105446577072144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/identification","display_name":"Identification (biology)","score":0.45320725440979004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.4362565875053406}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C5274069","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2285707","display_name":"Categorical variable","level":2,"score":0.9394849538803101},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6323415637016296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70518039","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16000077","display_name":"Dimensionality reduction","level":2,"score":0.6151113510131836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5883184671401978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111030470","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1430460","display_name":"Curse of dimensionality","level":2,"score":0.5806939005851746},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.5762725472450256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5136517882347107},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.5105446577072144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.45320725440979004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.4362565875053406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59822182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q441","display_name":"Botany","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/computation8040104","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computation8040104","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2079-3197/8/4/104/pdf?version=1607080111","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2738402919","display_name":"Computation","issn_l":"2079-3197","issn":["2079-3197"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computation","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:cd99e39fe7a14051b10468166a66a0e3","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/cd99e39fe7a14051b10468166a66a0e3","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Computation, Vol 8, Iss 4, p 104 (2020)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2079-3197/8/4/104/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/computation8040104","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Computation; Volume 8; Issue 4; Pages: 104","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/computation8040104","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computation8040104","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2079-3197/8/4/104/pdf?version=1607080111","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2738402919","display_name":"Computation","issn_l":"2079-3197","issn":["2079-3197"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computation","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.550000011920929}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":55,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W164290786","https://openalex.org/W317456669","https://openalex.org/W1502922572","https://openalex.org/W1875842236","https://openalex.org/W1967566689","https://openalex.org/W1985032507","https://openalex.org/W1991941961","https://openalex.org/W2003205626","https://openalex.org/W2007635740","https://openalex.org/W2037591014","https://openalex.org/W2041709363","https://openalex.org/W2044687641","https://openalex.org/W2047878524","https://openalex.org/W2056884786","https://openalex.org/W2066335404","https://openalex.org/W2072017174","https://openalex.org/W2078511730","https://openalex.org/W2114545146","https://openalex.org/W2115819513","https://openalex.org/W2127971792","https://openalex.org/W2157444450","https://openalex.org/W2163952039","https://openalex.org/W2165874743","https://openalex.org/W2168605133","https://openalex.org/W2187089797","https://openalex.org/W2359001859","https://openalex.org/W2473552888","https://openalex.org/W2510301586","https://openalex.org/W2561712681","https://openalex.org/W2622973700","https://openalex.org/W2728199829","https://openalex.org/W2788080102","https://openalex.org/W2805966534","https://openalex.org/W2884269364","https://openalex.org/W2886661658","https://openalex.org/W2904704939","https://openalex.org/W2911923652","https://openalex.org/W2913738019","https://openalex.org/W2923806322","https://openalex.org/W2940828124","https://openalex.org/W2967999974","https://openalex.org/W2968508208","https://openalex.org/W2969727807","https://openalex.org/W2971894154","https://openalex.org/W2974245077","https://openalex.org/W2999729612","https://openalex.org/W3147675069","https://openalex.org/W3159108935","https://openalex.org/W4211049957","https://openalex.org/W4239510810","https://openalex.org/W4288862617","https://openalex.org/W6683161245","https://openalex.org/W6684538218","https://openalex.org/W6684578312","https://openalex.org/W6753898695"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1995622179","https://openalex.org/W1484111231","https://openalex.org/W1552543208","https://openalex.org/W2074396517","https://openalex.org/W2166963679","https://openalex.org/W2187269125","https://openalex.org/W1641615907","https://openalex.org/W3089231081","https://openalex.org/W2093956241","https://openalex.org/W2354420595"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"recurrent":[1],"use":[2],"of":[3,26,29,37,84,104,114,125,135,140,161,198,205],"databases":[4],"with":[5,158],"categorical":[6,70,148],"variables":[7,71],"in":[8,42,128,138,177],"different":[9,77],"applications":[10],"demands":[11],"new":[12],"alternatives":[13],"to":[14,80,94,116,193],"identify":[15],"relevant":[16,159],"patterns.":[17],"Classification":[18],"is":[19,183,200,208],"an":[20,66],"interesting":[21],"approach":[22,68,137],"for":[23,39,69,111,142],"the":[24,43,82,89,98,109,133,152,162,174,181,190,194,196,203],"recognition":[25],"this":[27,40,62],"type":[28],"data.":[30],"However,":[31],"there":[32],"are":[33,48],"a":[34,102,122],"few":[35],"amount":[36],"methods":[38],"purpose":[41],"literature.":[44],"Also,":[45,185],"those":[46],"techniques":[47,79],"specifically":[49],"focused":[50],"only":[51,189],"on":[52],"kernels,":[53],"having":[54],"accuracy":[55,141,182],"problems":[56],"and":[57,76,146,155,170],"high":[58],"computational":[59,126,175],"cost.":[60],"For":[61],"reason,":[63],"we":[64,87,107,156,187],"propose":[65],"identification":[67],"using":[72,97],"conventional":[73],"classifiers":[74],"(LDC-QDC-KNN-SVM)":[75],"mapping":[78,169,192],"increase":[81],"separability":[83,197],"classes.":[85],"Specifically,":[86],"map":[88],"initial":[90],"features":[91],"(categorical":[92],"attributes)":[93],"another":[95],"space,":[96],"Chi-square":[99],"(C-S)":[100],"as":[101],"measure":[103],"dissimilarity.":[105],"Then,":[106],"employ":[108],"(t-SNE)":[110],"reducing":[112],"dimensionality":[113],"data":[115],"two":[117],"or":[118],"three":[119],"features,":[120],"allowing":[121],"significant":[123],"reduction":[124],"times":[127,176],"learning":[129,206],"methods.":[130,164],"We":[131],"evaluate":[132],"performance":[134,204],"proposed":[136],"terms":[139],"several":[143],"experimental":[144],"configurations":[145],"public":[147],"datasets":[149],"downloaded":[150],"from":[151],"UCI":[153],"repository,":[154],"compare":[157],"state":[160],"art":[163],"Results":[165],"show":[166],"that":[167],"C-S":[168,191],"t-SNE":[171],"considerably":[172],"diminish":[173],"recognitions":[178],"tasks,":[179],"while":[180],"preserved.":[184],"when":[186],"apply":[188],"datasets,":[195],"classes":[199],"enhanced,":[201],"thus,":[202],"algorithms":[207],"clearly":[209],"increased.":[210]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2020-12-07T00:00:00"}