{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2905030611","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computation7010001","title":"Optical Wireless Communication Based Indoor Positioning Algorithms: Performance Optimisation and Mathematical Modelling","display_name":"Optical Wireless Communication Based Indoor Positioning Algorithms: Performance Optimisation and Mathematical Modelling","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-12-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2905030611","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computation7010001","mag":"2905030611"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/computation7010001","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computation7010001","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2079-3197/7/1/1/pdf?version=1545295561","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2738402919","display_name":"Computation","issn_l":"2079-3197","issn":["2079-3197"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computation","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2079-3197/7/1/1/pdf?version=1545295561","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012713180","display_name":"Manisha Ajmani","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1236-8075"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I195939026","display_name":"Glasgow Caledonian University","ror":"https://ror.org/03dvm1235","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I195939026"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Manisha Ajmani","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing, Engineering and Built Environment, Glasgow Caledonian University, 70 Cowcaddens Road, Glasgow G4 0BA, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1236-8075","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing, Engineering and Built Environment, Glasgow Caledonian University, 70 Cowcaddens Road, Glasgow G4 0BA, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I195939026"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042598865","display_name":"Sinan Sinanovi\u0107","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2221-3467"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I195939026","display_name":"Glasgow Caledonian University","ror":"https://ror.org/03dvm1235","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I195939026"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sinan Sinanovi\u0107","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing, Engineering and Built Environment, Glasgow Caledonian University, 70 Cowcaddens Road, Glasgow G4 0BA, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing, Engineering and Built Environment, Glasgow Caledonian University, 70 Cowcaddens Road, Glasgow G4 0BA, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I195939026"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078225046","display_name":"Tuleen Boutaleb","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7281-9192"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I195939026","display_name":"Glasgow Caledonian University","ror":"https://ror.org/03dvm1235","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I195939026"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tuleen Boutaleb","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing, Engineering and Built Environment, Glasgow Caledonian University, 70 Cowcaddens Road, Glasgow G4 0BA, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7281-9192","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing, Engineering and Built Environment, Glasgow Caledonian University, 70 Cowcaddens Road, Glasgow G4 0BA, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I195939026"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5012713180"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I195939026"],"apc_list":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1782},"apc_paid":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1782},"fwci":1.4814,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":15,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.82527607,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":"1","first_page":"1","last_page":"1"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10851","display_name":"Optical Wireless Communication Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10851","display_name":"Optical Wireless Communication Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":0.9979000091552734,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13121","display_name":"Radio Wave Propagation Studies","score":0.9941999912261963,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/non-line-of-sight-propagation","display_name":"Non-line-of-sight propagation","score":0.630317211151123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optical-wireless","display_name":"Optical wireless","score":0.5736235976219177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5700127482414246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/standard-deviation","display_name":"Standard deviation","score":0.5671934485435486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.5536615252494812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.4980638027191162},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cumulative-distribution-function","display_name":"Cumulative distribution function","score":0.4838768243789673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/position","display_name":"Position (finance)","score":0.4589693248271942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/percentile","display_name":"Percentile","score":0.4454011619091034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radius","display_name":"RADIUS","score":0.4371626079082489},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dilution-of-precision","display_name":"Dilution of precision","score":0.4300180971622467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simulation","display_name":"Simulation","score":0.41733109951019287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.27976298332214355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.23461517691612244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/probability-density-function","display_name":"Probability density function","score":0.22003167867660522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/global-positioning-system","display_name":"Global Positioning System","score":0.15121254324913025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.14613664150238037}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154910267","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1740982","display_name":"Non-line-of-sight propagation","level":3,"score":0.630317211151123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781305180","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7098907","display_name":"Optical wireless","level":3,"score":0.5736235976219177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5700127482414246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22679943","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159375","display_name":"Standard deviation","level":2,"score":0.5671934485435486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.5536615252494812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.4980638027191162},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103784038","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q386228","display_name":"Cumulative distribution function","level":3,"score":0.4838768243789673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198082294","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3399648","display_name":"Position (finance)","level":2,"score":0.4589693248271942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C122048520","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2913954","display_name":"Percentile","level":2,"score":0.4454011619091034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178635117","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q747499","display_name":"RADIUS","level":2,"score":0.4371626079082489},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C200499919","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q616896","display_name":"Dilution of precision","level":4,"score":0.4300180971622467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44154836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45045","display_name":"Simulation","level":1,"score":0.41733109951019287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.27976298332214355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.23461517691612244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197055811","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207522","display_name":"Probability density function","level":2,"score":0.22003167867660522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60229501","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18822","display_name":"Global Positioning System","level":2,"score":0.15121254324913025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.14613664150238037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14279187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5514012","display_name":"GNSS applications","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/computation7010001","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computation7010001","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2079-3197/7/1/1/pdf?version=1545295561","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2738402919","display_name":"Computation","issn_l":"2079-3197","issn":["2079-3197"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computation","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:researchonline.gcu.ac.uk:openaire/48b43f3e-a6ea-499a-920f-23ede0fde33e","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://researchonline.gcu.ac.uk/en/publications/48b43f3e-a6ea-499a-920f-23ede0fde33e","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402566","display_name":"ResearchOnline (Glasgow Caledonian University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I195939026","host_organization_name":"Glasgow Caledonian University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I195939026"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Ajmani, M, Sinanovic, S & Boutaleb, T 2019, 'Optical wireless communication based indoor positioning algorithms: performance optimisation and mathematical modelling', Computation, vol. 7, no. 1, 1. https://doi.org/10.3390/computation7010001","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:196169f9cbea40f4b157f21445f0b860","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/196169f9cbea40f4b157f21445f0b860","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Computation, Vol 7, Iss 1, p 1 (2018)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2079-3197/7/1/1/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/computation7010001","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Computation","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/computation7010001","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computation7010001","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2079-3197/7/1/1/pdf?version=1545295561","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2738402919","display_name":"Computation","issn_l":"2079-3197","issn":["2079-3197"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computation","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320311695","display_name":"Glasgow Caledonian University","ror":"https://ror.org/03dvm1235"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2905030611.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2905030611.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":51,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W327370259","https://openalex.org/W1505962124","https://openalex.org/W1555762184","https://openalex.org/W1632416261","https://openalex.org/W1976837801","https://openalex.org/W1999003995","https://openalex.org/W2002621213","https://openalex.org/W2003232482","https://openalex.org/W2007532009","https://openalex.org/W2028082528","https://openalex.org/W2035650171","https://openalex.org/W2036204720","https://openalex.org/W2040841726","https://openalex.org/W2042706896","https://openalex.org/W2052756370","https://openalex.org/W2055294224","https://openalex.org/W2058416731","https://openalex.org/W2059098648","https://openalex.org/W2065928551","https://openalex.org/W2073808079","https://openalex.org/W2084711475","https://openalex.org/W2097745168","https://openalex.org/W2104243692","https://openalex.org/W2105935781","https://openalex.org/W2124520030","https://openalex.org/W2129675160","https://openalex.org/W2152613565","https://openalex.org/W2152981342","https://openalex.org/W2172860135","https://openalex.org/W2313137726","https://openalex.org/W2317713851","https://openalex.org/W2331780582","https://openalex.org/W2339530043","https://openalex.org/W2379838048","https://openalex.org/W2403864116","https://openalex.org/W2514757632","https://openalex.org/W2529672710","https://openalex.org/W2536219874","https://openalex.org/W2574278771","https://openalex.org/W2587948979","https://openalex.org/W2614034206","https://openalex.org/W2737506700","https://openalex.org/W2737661737","https://openalex.org/W2749750670","https://openalex.org/W2773033597","https://openalex.org/W2792122773","https://openalex.org/W2793418728","https://openalex.org/W2802810361","https://openalex.org/W6628331383","https://openalex.org/W6713440441","https://openalex.org/W6749275306"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2508126022","https://openalex.org/W2172272784","https://openalex.org/W4307436769","https://openalex.org/W4323793210","https://openalex.org/W2366306259","https://openalex.org/W1977097806","https://openalex.org/W4311959697","https://openalex.org/W4382516294","https://openalex.org/W1557579859","https://openalex.org/W4390485722"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,74,176],"this":[1,179,206],"paper,":[2,180],"the":[3,6,26,42,45,117,165,168,186,195,198,202],"performance":[4],"of":[5,28,37,65,100,108,135,167,188,197,216],"optimal":[7],"beam":[8,109,233],"radius":[9,110],"indoor":[10,15,30,174,226],"positioning":[11,16,227],"(OBRIP)":[12],"and":[13,87,111,231],"two-receiver":[14],"(TRIP)":[17],"algorithms":[18,149],"are":[19,211],"analysed":[20],"by":[21],"varying":[22],"system":[23,228],"parameters":[24,169],"in":[25,35,102,157,164,178,220],"presence":[27],"an":[29,132,221],"optical":[31,222],"wireless":[32,223],"channel":[33],"modelled":[34],"line":[36],"sight":[38],"configuration.":[39],"From":[40],"all":[41],"conducted":[43],"simulations,":[44],"minimum":[46],"average":[47],"error":[48,91,101,120,133],"value":[49,134],"obtained":[50,59,145],"for":[51,60,62,76,105,138,146,201,213],"TRIP":[52,139],"is":[53,121,191],"0.61":[54],"m":[55,58,67,70,137,144],"against":[56],"0.81":[57],"OBRIP":[61,86],"room":[63],"dimensions":[64],"10":[66,69],"\u00d7":[68,71],"3":[72],"m.":[73],"addition,":[75,177],"each":[77],"simulated":[78],"condition,":[79],"TRIP,":[80],"which":[81,130],"uses":[82],"two":[83],"receivers,":[84],"outperforms":[85],"reduces":[88],"position":[89,103],"estimation":[90,104],"up":[92],"to":[93,142,152,170,172,193],"30%.":[94],"To":[95],"get":[96],"a":[97,124,181],"better":[98],"understanding":[99],"different":[106],"combinations":[107],"separation":[112],"between":[113],"light":[114],"emitting":[115],"diodes,":[116],"90th":[118],"percentile":[119],"determined":[122],"using":[123],"cumulative":[125],"distribution":[126],"frequency":[127],"(CDF)":[128],"plot,":[129],"gives":[131],"0.94":[136],"as":[140],"compared":[141],"1.20":[143],"OBRIP.":[147],"Both":[148],"also":[150],"prove":[151],"be":[153],"robust":[154],"towards":[155],"change":[156],"receiver":[158],"tilting":[159],"angle,":[160],"thus":[161],"providing":[162],"flexibility":[163],"selection":[166],"adapt":[171],"any":[173],"environment.":[175],"mathematical":[182,207],"model":[183],"based":[184,225],"on":[185],"concept":[187],"raw":[189],"moments":[190],"used":[192],"confirm":[194],"findings":[196],"simulation":[199],"results":[200],"proposed":[203],"algorithms.":[204],"Using":[205],"model,":[208],"closed-form":[209],"expressions":[210],"derived":[212],"standard":[214],"deviation":[215],"uniformly":[217],"distributed":[218],"points":[219],"communication":[224],"with":[229],"circular":[230],"rectangular":[232],"shapes.":[234]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-07-23T08:03:31.855105","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}