{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7161052480","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computation14050112","title":"Design and Evaluation of a Compact VGG-Inspired CNN for Keyword Spotting in Resource-Constrained TinyML Systems","display_name":"Design and Evaluation of a Compact VGG-Inspired CNN for Keyword Spotting in Resource-Constrained TinyML Systems","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-05-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7161052480","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computation14050112"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/computation14050112","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computation14050112","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2079-3197/14/5/112/pdf?version=1778662630","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2738402919","display_name":"Computation","issn_l":"2079-3197","issn":["2079-3197"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computation","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2079-3197/14/5/112/pdf?version=1778662630","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5125700035","display_name":"Wilson Gustavo Chango","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210144088","display_name":"Universidad T\u00e9cnica de Ambato","ror":"https://ror.org/048nctr92","country_code":"EC","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210144088"]}],"countries":["EC"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Wilson Gustavo Chango","raw_affiliation_strings":["Facultad de Ingenier\u00eda en Sistemas, Electr\u00f3nica e Industrial, Universidad T\u00e9cnica de Ambato, UTA, Av. los Ch\u00e1squis, Ambato 180206, Ecuador"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3231-0153","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Facultad de Ingenier\u00eda en Sistemas, Electr\u00f3nica e Industrial, Universidad T\u00e9cnica de Ambato, UTA, Av. los Ch\u00e1squis, Ambato 180206, Ecuador","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210144088"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5135777030","display_name":"Mayra Barrera","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210144088","display_name":"Universidad T\u00e9cnica de Ambato","ror":"https://ror.org/048nctr92","country_code":"EC","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210144088"]}],"countries":["EC"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Mayra Barrera","raw_affiliation_strings":["Facultad de Ciencias Humanas y de la Educaci\u00f3n, Universidad T\u00e9cnica de Ambato, UTA, Av. los Ch\u00e1squis, Ambato 180206, Ecuador"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3550-7173","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Facultad de Ciencias Humanas y de la Educaci\u00f3n, Universidad T\u00e9cnica de Ambato, UTA, Av. los Ch\u00e1squis, Ambato 180206, Ecuador","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210144088"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5136051562","display_name":"Daniel Maldonado-Ruiz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2509-5929"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210144088","display_name":"Universidad T\u00e9cnica de Ambato","ror":"https://ror.org/048nctr92","country_code":"EC","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210144088"]}],"countries":["EC"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daniel Maldonado-Ruiz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Facultad de Ingenier\u00eda en Sistemas, Electr\u00f3nica e Industrial, Universidad T\u00e9cnica de Ambato, UTA, Av. los Ch\u00e1squis, Ambato 180206, Ecuador"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2509-5929","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Facultad de Ingenier\u00eda en Sistemas, Electr\u00f3nica e Industrial, Universidad T\u00e9cnica de Ambato, UTA, Av. los Ch\u00e1squis, Ambato 180206, Ecuador","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210144088"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5136037625","display_name":"Julio Balarezo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-6991-7139"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210144088","display_name":"Universidad T\u00e9cnica de Ambato","ror":"https://ror.org/048nctr92","country_code":"EC","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210144088"]}],"countries":["EC"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Julio Balarezo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Facultad de Ingenier\u00eda en Sistemas, Electr\u00f3nica e Industrial, Universidad T\u00e9cnica de Ambato, UTA, Av. los Ch\u00e1squis, Ambato 180206, Ecuador"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-6991-7139","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Facultad de Ingenier\u00eda en Sistemas, Electr\u00f3nica e Industrial, Universidad T\u00e9cnica de Ambato, UTA, Av. los Ch\u00e1squis, Ambato 180206, Ecuador","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210144088"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087427243","display_name":"Marcelo V. Garc\u00eda","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7138-3913"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210144088","display_name":"Universidad T\u00e9cnica de Ambato","ror":"https://ror.org/048nctr92","country_code":"EC","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210144088"]}],"countries":["EC"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marcelo V. Garcia","raw_affiliation_strings":["Facultad de Ingenier\u00eda en Sistemas, Electr\u00f3nica e Industrial, Universidad T\u00e9cnica de Ambato, UTA, Av. los Ch\u00e1squis, Ambato 180206, Ecuador"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7138-3913","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Facultad de Ingenier\u00eda en Sistemas, Electr\u00f3nica e Industrial, Universidad T\u00e9cnica de Ambato, UTA, Av. los Ch\u00e1squis, Ambato 180206, Ecuador","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210144088"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5136077954","display_name":"Geovanny Silva","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1069-4574"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210137344","display_name":"Escuela Superior Polit\u00e9cnica del Chimborazo","ror":"https://ror.org/02zyw2q61","country_code":"EC","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210137344"]}],"countries":["EC"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Geovanny Silva","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Informatics and Electronics, Escuela Superior Polit\u00e9cnica de Chimborazo (ESPOCH), Riobamba 060155, Ecuador"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1069-4574","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Informatics and Electronics, Escuela Superior Polit\u00e9cnica de Chimborazo (ESPOCH), Riobamba 060155, Ecuador","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210137344"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5125700035","https://openalex.org/A5135777030"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210144088"],"apc_list":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"apc_paid":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.58390504,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"5","first_page":"112","last_page":"112"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10201","display_name":"Speech Recognition and Synthesis","score":0.2994000017642975,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10201","display_name":"Speech Recognition and Synthesis","score":0.2994000017642975,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13083","display_name":"Advanced Text Analysis Techniques","score":0.0568000003695488,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11309","display_name":"Music and Audio Processing","score":0.04879999905824661,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/keyword-spotting","display_name":"Keyword spotting","score":0.7854999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/memory-footprint","display_name":"Memory footprint","score":0.6463000178337097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.5881999731063843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/microcontroller","display_name":"Microcontroller","score":0.5647000074386597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.4909999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantization","display_name":"Quantization (signal processing)","score":0.43709999322891235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spotting","display_name":"Spotting","score":0.3991999924182892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inference","display_name":"Inference","score":0.3682999908924103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.365200012922287}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7858999967575073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781213101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6398558","display_name":"Keyword spotting","level":2,"score":0.7854999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74912251","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6815727","display_name":"Memory footprint","level":2,"score":0.6463000178337097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.5881999731063843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173018170","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q165678","display_name":"Microcontroller","level":2,"score":0.5647000074386597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.4909999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28855332","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q198099","display_name":"Quantization (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.43709999322891235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4146000146865845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779506182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7580141","display_name":"Spotting","level":2,"score":0.3991999924182892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.3682999908924103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.365200012922287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.362199991941452},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48372109","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3913","display_name":"Binary number","level":2,"score":0.3603000044822693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778263558","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46384","display_name":"Microphone","level":3,"score":0.3596000075340271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150594956","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1334829","display_name":"Wearable computer","level":2,"score":0.3560999929904938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175291020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1156822","display_name":"Offset (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.34540000557899475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82876162","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17096504","display_name":"Latency (audio)","level":2,"score":0.3440999984741211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.33880001306533813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48145219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1335365","display_name":"Security token","level":2,"score":0.3327000141143799},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94915269","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1834857","display_name":"Detector","level":2,"score":0.3269999921321869},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111219384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6954384","display_name":"NIST","level":2,"score":0.32409998774528503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43214815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310987","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","level":3,"score":0.3239000141620636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54290928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4845080","display_name":"Wearable technology","level":3,"score":0.3100000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113775141","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q428691","display_name":"Computer engineering","level":1,"score":0.3093999922275543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.3012000024318695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.2924000024795532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.28610000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780165032","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16869822","display_name":"Energy consumption","level":2,"score":0.2793999910354614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.2676999866962433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105339364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2297740","display_name":"Software deployment","level":2,"score":0.25780001282691956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778456923","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5337692","display_name":"Edge computing","level":3,"score":0.2524999976158142}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/computation14050112","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computation14050112","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2079-3197/14/5/112/pdf?version=1778662630","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2738402919","display_name":"Computation","issn_l":"2079-3197","issn":["2079-3197"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computation","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:955e04fc2a484970b6a787d778fc83f4","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/955e04fc2a484970b6a787d778fc83f4","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Computation, Vol 14, Iss 5, p 112 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/computation14050112","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computation14050112","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2079-3197/14/5/112/pdf?version=1778662630","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2738402919","display_name":"Computation","issn_l":"2079-3197","issn":["2079-3197"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computation","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Gender equality","score":0.6878239512443542,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/5"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320316267","display_name":"Universidad T\u00e9cnica de Ambato","ror":"https://ror.org/048nctr92"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337167","display_name":"Direktorat Riset and Pengembangan, Universitas Indonesia","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7161052480.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7161052480.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":34,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W4308695923","https://openalex.org/W4309287541","https://openalex.org/W4312588618","https://openalex.org/W4381149220","https://openalex.org/W4387912761","https://openalex.org/W4388928186","https://openalex.org/W4390702163","https://openalex.org/W4402742301","https://openalex.org/W4407782917","https://openalex.org/W4408834860","https://openalex.org/W4410500889","https://openalex.org/W4410516761","https://openalex.org/W4411101577","https://openalex.org/W4411184484","https://openalex.org/W4411446268","https://openalex.org/W4412515107","https://openalex.org/W4414735573","https://openalex.org/W4414760333","https://openalex.org/W4414767637","https://openalex.org/W4415482627","https://openalex.org/W4415542535","https://openalex.org/W4415809626","https://openalex.org/W4416191416","https://openalex.org/W4416458930","https://openalex.org/W4416582889","https://openalex.org/W4416909759","https://openalex.org/W4417121652","https://openalex.org/W7116439662","https://openalex.org/W7123347608","https://openalex.org/W7124145183","https://openalex.org/W7124147390","https://openalex.org/W7125509542","https://openalex.org/W7125606055","https://openalex.org/W7128092442"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1],"investigates":[2],"the":[3,22,26,62,115,129,134,143,148,161,166,191,195,200,215],"design":[4],"and":[5,17,54,85,91,100,154,188,197,233],"evaluation":[6],"of":[7,25,64,199,206,218],"compact":[8],"convolutional":[9],"neural":[10],"networks":[11],"(CNNs)":[12],"for":[13,73,176,214],"keyword":[14],"spotting":[15],"(KWS)":[16],"acoustic":[18,41,67,212],"event":[19],"detection":[20,68,217],"under":[21],"stringent":[23],"constraints":[24],"TinyML":[27],"paradigm.":[28],"The":[29,56,93,203],"research":[30],"expands":[31],"upon":[32],"traditional":[33],"binary":[34],"classification":[35,136],"approaches":[36],"by":[37,211],"addressing":[38],"a":[39],"multi-class":[40],"scenario":[42],"encompassing":[43],"eight":[44],"distinct":[45],"categories:":[46],"stop,":[47],"no,":[48],"go,":[49],"yes,":[50],"unknown,":[51],"silence,":[52],"noise_ambient,":[53],"noise_sudden.":[55],"primary":[57],"objective":[58],"is":[59,209],"to":[60,106],"evaluate":[61],"feasibility":[63],"deploying":[65],"reliable":[66],"systems":[69],"on":[70,229],"ultra-low-power":[71],"microcontrollers":[72],"edge":[74],"computing":[75],"applications.":[76],"To":[77],"this":[78,207],"end,":[79],"five":[80],"lightweight":[81],"architectures":[82],"were":[83,95],"developed":[84],"benchmarked:":[86],"AlexNet-Tiny,":[87],"LeNet-Tiny,":[88],"MobileNet-Tiny,":[89],"VGG-Tiny,":[90],"CustomCNN-Tiny.":[92],"models":[94],"trained":[96],"using":[97,181],"Mel-spectrogram":[98],"features":[99],"optimized":[101],"through":[102],"INT8":[103],"post-training":[104],"quantization":[105],"facilitate":[107],"embedded":[108],"deployment.":[109],"Hardware":[110],"simulation":[111],"was":[112],"conducted":[113],"targeting":[114],"XIAO":[116],"nRF52840":[117],"Sense":[118],"microcontroller":[119],"(64":[120],"MHz,":[121],"256":[122],"KB":[123],"RAM).":[124],"Experimental":[125],"results":[126],"demonstrate":[127],"that":[128],"Gold":[130],"VGG-Tiny":[131],"architecture":[132],"achieves":[133,165],"highest":[135],"accuracy":[137],"(89.81%),":[138],"while":[139],"Silver":[140],"MobileNet-Tiny":[141],"provides":[142],"superior":[144],"operational":[145],"efficiency":[146],"with":[147],"lowest":[149],"inference":[150],"latency":[151],"(0.88":[152],"ms)":[153],"minimal":[155],"energy":[156],"consumption":[157],"(14.4":[158],"\u00b5J).":[159],"Furthermore,":[160],"Bronze":[162],"CustomCNN-Tiny":[163],"model":[164],"most":[167],"reduced":[168],"memory":[169],"footprint":[170],"(42.9":[171],"KB),":[172],"highlighting":[173],"its":[174],"suitability":[175],"memory-constrained":[177],"environments.":[178],"Statistical":[179],"validation":[180,232],"Cohen\u2019s":[182],"Kappa,":[183],"Matthews":[184],"Correlation":[185],"Coefficient":[186],"(MCC),":[187],"Area":[189],"Under":[190],"Curve":[192],"(AUC)":[193],"confirms":[194],"robustness":[196],"reliability":[198],"proposed":[201],"models.":[202],"potential":[204],"application":[205],"system":[208],"motivated":[210],"monitoring":[213],"early":[216],"high-risk":[219],"situations,":[220],"such":[221],"as":[222],"gender-based":[223],"violence.":[224],"Future":[225],"work":[226],"will":[227],"focus":[228],"on-device":[230],"physical":[231],"real-world":[234],"deployment":[235],"in":[236],"wearable":[237],"safety":[238],"electronics.":[239]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-19T15:47:20.252518","created_date":"2026-05-14T00:00:00"}
