{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7127178102","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computation14020039","title":"Semi-Empirical Estimation of Aerosol Particle Influence at the Performance of Terrestrial FSO Links over the Sea","display_name":"Semi-Empirical Estimation of Aerosol Particle Influence at the Performance of Terrestrial FSO Links over the Sea","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-02-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7127178102","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computation14020039"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/computation14020039","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computation14020039","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2738402919","display_name":"Computation","issn_l":"2079-3197","issn":["2079-3197"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computation","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computation14020039","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032389748","display_name":"Argyris N. Stassinakis","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I152516533","display_name":"Hellenic Naval Academy","ror":"https://ror.org/02y84bs66","country_code":"GR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I152516533"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Argyris N. Stassinakis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Section of Battle Systems, Naval Operations, Sea Studies, Navigation, Electronics and Telecommunications, Hellenic Naval Academy, Hadjikyriakou Ave., 18539 Piraeus, Greece"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2764-0599","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Section of Battle Systems, Naval Operations, Sea Studies, Navigation, Electronics and Telecommunications, Hellenic Naval Academy, Hadjikyriakou Ave., 18539 Piraeus, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I152516533"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032365029","display_name":"E. V. Chatzikontis","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200777214","display_name":"National and Kapodistrian University of Athens","ror":"https://ror.org/04gnjpq42","country_code":"GR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200777214"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Efstratios V. Chatzikontis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Section of Electronic Physics and Systems, Department of Physics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15784 Athens, Greece"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Section of Electronic Physics and Systems, Department of Physics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15784 Athens, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200777214"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084480976","display_name":"Kyle R. Drexler","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1339224429","display_name":"Naval Information Warfare Center Pacific","ror":"https://ror.org/01gs1cg95","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330347796","https://openalex.org/I1339224429","https://openalex.org/I2802223155","https://openalex.org/I3130687028"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kyle R. Drexler","raw_affiliation_strings":["Naval Information Warfare Center Pacific, San Diego, CA 92152, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Naval Information Warfare Center Pacific, San Diego, CA 92152, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1339224429"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5124799089","display_name":"Andreas D. Tsigopoulos","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I152516533","display_name":"Hellenic Naval Academy","ror":"https://ror.org/02y84bs66","country_code":"GR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I152516533"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andreas D. Tsigopoulos","raw_affiliation_strings":["Section of Battle Systems, Naval Operations, Sea Studies, Navigation, Electronics and Telecommunications, Hellenic Naval Academy, Hadjikyriakou Ave., 18539 Piraeus, Greece"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8247-3930","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Section of Battle Systems, Naval Operations, Sea Studies, Navigation, Electronics and Telecommunications, Hellenic Naval Academy, Hadjikyriakou Ave., 18539 Piraeus, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I152516533"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073075086","display_name":"G. Mkrttchian","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I119744171","display_name":"Higher Colleges of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00qmy9z88","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I119744171"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gratchia Mkrttchian","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre of Excellence for Applied Research & Training\u2014CERT, Higher Colleges of Technology, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 5464, United Arab Emirates"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre of Excellence for Applied Research & Training\u2014CERT, Higher Colleges of Technology, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 5464, United Arab Emirates","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I119744171"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5124855465","display_name":"Hector E. Nistazakis","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200777214","display_name":"National and Kapodistrian University of Athens","ror":"https://ror.org/04gnjpq42","country_code":"GR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200777214"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hector E. Nistazakis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Section of Electronic Physics and Systems, Department of Physics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15784 Athens, Greece"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Section of Electronic Physics and Systems, Department of Physics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15784 Athens, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200777214"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5032389748"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I152516533"],"apc_list":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"apc_paid":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.16142963,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"2","first_page":"39","last_page":"39"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10851","display_name":"Optical Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9728000164031982,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10851","display_name":"Optical Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9728000164031982,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13121","display_name":"Radio Wave Propagation Studies","score":0.006200000178068876,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10490","display_name":"Orbital Angular Momentum in Optics","score":0.003000000026077032,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/attenuation","display_name":"Attenuation","score":0.8481000065803528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/attenuation-coefficient","display_name":"Attenuation coefficient","score":0.5666999816894531},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/logarithm","display_name":"Logarithm","score":0.5357000231742859},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transmission","display_name":"Transmission (telecommunications)","score":0.508400022983551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aerosol","display_name":"Aerosol","score":0.49639999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/particulates","display_name":"Particulates","score":0.43880000710487366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.4205999970436096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optical-power","display_name":"Optical power","score":0.38119998574256897}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184652730","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2357982","display_name":"Attenuation","level":2,"score":0.8481000065803528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.6740999817848206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.5963000059127808},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159774933","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q902086","display_name":"Attenuation coefficient","level":2,"score":0.5666999816894531},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39927690","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11197","display_name":"Logarithm","level":2,"score":0.5357000231742859},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C761482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q118093","display_name":"Transmission (telecommunications)","level":2,"score":0.508400022983551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779345167","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q104541","display_name":"Aerosol","level":2,"score":0.49639999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24245907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q498957","display_name":"Particulates","level":2,"score":0.43880000710487366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.4205999970436096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.40610000491142273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191161701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q559265","display_name":"Optical power","level":3,"score":0.38119998574256897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780092901","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3433612","display_name":"Correlation coefficient","level":2,"score":0.3797000050544739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779753020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q19929660","display_name":"Transmission loss","level":2,"score":0.37860000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118365302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4817115","display_name":"Atmospheric model","level":2,"score":0.36079999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18762648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42213","display_name":"Work (physics)","level":2,"score":0.3589000105857849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129404179","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1469765","display_name":"Optical communication","level":2,"score":0.33869999647140503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54308172","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1367365","display_name":"Atmospheric optics","level":2,"score":0.30250000953674316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158622935","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q660848","display_name":"Nonlinear system","level":2,"score":0.2989000082015991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31872934","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1417028","display_name":"Optical path","level":2,"score":0.2928999960422516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91586092","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q757520","display_name":"Atmospheric sciences","level":1,"score":0.26669999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778517922","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7140482","display_name":"Particle (ecology)","level":2,"score":0.26339998841285706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779843651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7390335","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.2596000134944916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197000039","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2027432","display_name":"Free-space optical communication","level":3,"score":0.2524000108242035}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/computation14020039","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computation14020039","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2738402919","display_name":"Computation","issn_l":"2079-3197","issn":["2079-3197"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computation","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:8050e61f716b4903a276c261d89a1547","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/8050e61f716b4903a276c261d89a1547","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Computation, Vol 14, Iss 2, p 39 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/computation14020039","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computation14020039","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2738402919","display_name":"Computation","issn_l":"2079-3197","issn":["2079-3197"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computation","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7521800398826599,"display_name":"Life below water","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/14"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":19,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1982605545","https://openalex.org/W1982892759","https://openalex.org/W2027666102","https://openalex.org/W2039240409","https://openalex.org/W2066015006","https://openalex.org/W2228904213","https://openalex.org/W2275801412","https://openalex.org/W2755735559","https://openalex.org/W2796358601","https://openalex.org/W3010956878","https://openalex.org/W3135235936","https://openalex.org/W3182706339","https://openalex.org/W4281491434","https://openalex.org/W4312531397","https://openalex.org/W4321078895","https://openalex.org/W4393087897","https://openalex.org/W4406485060","https://openalex.org/W4413807720","https://openalex.org/W4414660813"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Free-space":[0],"optical":[1,42,63,92],"(FSO)":[2],"communication":[3],"enables":[4],"high-bandwidth":[5],"license-free":[6],"data":[7,75],"transmission":[8],"and":[9,90,149],"is":[10,20,51,105],"particularly":[11],"attractive":[12],"for":[13,144],"maritime":[14,46,153],"point-to-point":[15],"links.":[16],"However,":[17],"FSO":[18,47,154],"performance":[19,147],"strongly":[21],"affected":[22],"by":[23,109],"atmospheric":[24],"conditions.":[25],"This":[26],"work":[27],"presents":[28],"a":[29,45,59,83,98,129,141],"semi-empirical":[30,120],"model":[31,50,121,139],"quantifying":[32],"the":[33,66,102,123],"impact":[34],"of":[35,115,131,133,152],"fine":[36],"particulate":[37],"matter":[38],"(PM2.5)":[39],"on":[40],"received":[41,70,91],"power":[43,93],"in":[44,157],"link.":[48],"The":[49,137],"derived":[52],"from":[53],"long-term":[54],"experimental":[55],"measurements":[56],"collected":[57],"over":[58],"2.96":[60],"km":[61],"horizontal":[62],"path":[64],"above":[65],"sea":[67],"surface,":[68],"combining":[69],"signal":[71],"strength":[72],"indicator":[73],"(RSSI)":[74],"with":[76,128],"co-located":[77],"PM2.5":[78,88,116],"observations.":[79],"Statistical":[80],"analysis":[81],"reveals":[82],"strong":[84],"negative":[85],"correlation":[86],"between":[87],"concentration":[89],"(Pearson":[94],"coefficient":[95,130],"\u22120.748).":[96],"Using":[97],"logarithmic":[99],"attenuation":[100,104,126],"formulation,":[101],"PM2.5-induced":[103],"estimated":[106],"to":[107],"increase":[108],"approximately":[110],"0.0026":[111],"dB/km":[112],"per":[113],"\u00b5g/m3":[114],"concentration.":[117],"A":[118],"second-order":[119],"captures":[122],"observed":[124],"nonlinear":[125],"behavior":[127],"determination":[132],"R2":[134],"=":[135],"0.57.":[136],"proposed":[138],"provides":[140],"practical":[142],"tool":[143],"link":[145],"budgeting,":[146],"forecasting,":[148],"adaptive":[150],"design":[151],"systems":[155],"operating":[156],"aerosol-rich":[158],"environments.":[159]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T09:19:25.381259","created_date":"2026-02-03T00:00:00"}
