{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4415877521","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computation13110260","title":"Combination of Soviet-Era Surface Gravity and Modern Satellite Data for Geoid Model Computation: A Case Study for Kazakhstan","display_name":"Combination of Soviet-Era Surface Gravity and Modern Satellite Data for Geoid Model Computation: A Case Study for Kazakhstan","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-11-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4415877521","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computation13110260"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/computation13110260","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computation13110260","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2079-3197/13/11/260/pdf?version=1762261072","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2738402919","display_name":"Computation","issn_l":"2079-3197","issn":["2079-3197"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computation","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2079-3197/13/11/260/pdf?version=1762261072","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006883421","display_name":"Daniya Shoganbekova","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6825-4774"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1288059949","display_name":"International Finance Corporation","ror":"https://ror.org/049rm1a24","country_code":"KZ","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1288059949"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210143508","display_name":"International Information Technologies University","ror":"https://ror.org/042dtza69","country_code":"KZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210143508"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210162028","display_name":"Ionosphere Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/04xwh9695","country_code":"KZ","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210162028"]}],"countries":["KZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daniya Shoganbekova","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Ionosphere, Almaty 050000, Kazakhstan","International Educational Corporation, Almaty 050043, Kazakhstan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6825-4774","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Ionosphere, Almaty 050000, Kazakhstan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210162028"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"International Educational Corporation, Almaty 050043, Kazakhstan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1288059949","https://openalex.org/I4210143508"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044047996","display_name":"Asset Urazaliyev","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7444-2897"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204275683","display_name":"Satbayev University","ror":"https://ror.org/020cpsb96","country_code":"KZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204275683"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210162028","display_name":"Ionosphere Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/04xwh9695","country_code":"KZ","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210162028"]}],"countries":["KZ"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Asset Urazaliyev","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Surveying and Geodesy, Mining and Metallurgical Institute Named After O.A. Baikonurov, Satbayev University, Almaty 050013, Kazakhstan","Institute of Ionosphere, Almaty 050000, Kazakhstan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7444-2897","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Surveying and Geodesy, Mining and Metallurgical Institute Named After O.A. Baikonurov, Satbayev University, Almaty 050013, Kazakhstan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204275683"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Ionosphere, Almaty 050000, Kazakhstan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210162028"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058588824","display_name":"Serik Nurakynov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9735-7820"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210162028","display_name":"Ionosphere Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/04xwh9695","country_code":"KZ","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210162028"]}],"countries":["KZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Serik Nurakynov","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Ionosphere, Almaty 050000, Kazakhstan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9735-7820","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Ionosphere, Almaty 050000, Kazakhstan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210162028"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5104606928","display_name":"Magzhan Kozhakhmetov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-9433-8674"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204275683","display_name":"Satbayev University","ror":"https://ror.org/020cpsb96","country_code":"KZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204275683"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210162028","display_name":"Ionosphere Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/04xwh9695","country_code":"KZ","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210162028"]}],"countries":["KZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Magzhan Kozhakhmetov","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Surveying and Geodesy, Mining and Metallurgical Institute Named After O.A. Baikonurov, Satbayev University, Almaty 050013, Kazakhstan","Institute of Ionosphere, Almaty 050000, Kazakhstan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Surveying and Geodesy, Mining and Metallurgical Institute Named After O.A. Baikonurov, Satbayev University, Almaty 050013, Kazakhstan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204275683"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Ionosphere, Almaty 050000, Kazakhstan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210162028"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5119941960","display_name":"Nailya Zhaksygul","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1288059949","display_name":"International Finance Corporation","ror":"https://ror.org/049rm1a24","country_code":"KZ","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1288059949"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210143508","display_name":"International Information Technologies University","ror":"https://ror.org/042dtza69","country_code":"KZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210143508"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210162028","display_name":"Ionosphere Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/04xwh9695","country_code":"KZ","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210162028"]}],"countries":["KZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nailya Zhaksygul","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Ionosphere, Almaty 050000, Kazakhstan","International Educational Corporation, Almaty 050043, Kazakhstan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Ionosphere, Almaty 050000, Kazakhstan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210162028"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"International Educational Corporation, Almaty 050043, Kazakhstan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1288059949","https://openalex.org/I4210143508"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081074410","display_name":"Roman Sermiagin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2938-0444"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799535048","display_name":"Centre National d'\u00c9tudes Spatiales","ror":"https://ror.org/04h1h0y33","country_code":"FR","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799535048"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Roman Sermiagin","raw_affiliation_strings":["RSE National Centre of Geodesy and Spatial Information, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2938-0444","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"RSE National Centre of Geodesy and Spatial Information, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799535048"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5044047996"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204275683","https://openalex.org/I4210162028"],"apc_list":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"apc_paid":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.30897201,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"11","first_page":"260","last_page":"260"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11405","display_name":"Geophysics and Gravity Measurements","score":0.9921000003814697,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1910","display_name":"Oceanography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11405","display_name":"Geophysics and Gravity Measurements","score":0.9921000003814697,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1910","display_name":"Oceanography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10572","display_name":"Geophysical and Geoelectrical Methods","score":0.002099999925121665,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1908","display_name":"Geophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13854","display_name":"Historical Geography and Cartography","score":0.0007999999797903001,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3305","display_name":"Geography, Planning and Development"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geoid","display_name":"Geoid","score":0.9664999842643738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/undulation-of-the-geoid","display_name":"Undulation of the geoid","score":0.6776000261306763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geopotential","display_name":"Geopotential","score":0.6535000205039978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/levelling","display_name":"Levelling","score":0.6258000135421753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geodetic-datum","display_name":"Geodetic datum","score":0.618399977684021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satellite","display_name":"Satellite","score":0.588100016117096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-elevation-model","display_name":"Digital elevation model","score":0.5666999816894531},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gnss-applications","display_name":"GNSS applications","score":0.5629000067710876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gravitational-field","display_name":"Gravitational field","score":0.49399998784065247}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80989030","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185969","display_name":"Geoid","level":3,"score":0.9664999842643738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.817300021648407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180966878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185969","display_name":"Undulation of the geoid","level":4,"score":0.6776000261306763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160121416","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423347","display_name":"Geopotential","level":2,"score":0.6535000205039978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.6499999761581421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100260852","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q961466","display_name":"Levelling","level":2,"score":0.6258000135421753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58754882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1502887","display_name":"Geodetic datum","level":2,"score":0.618399977684021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19269812","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26540","display_name":"Satellite","level":2,"score":0.588100016117096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C181843262","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q640492","display_name":"Digital elevation model","level":2,"score":0.5666999816894531},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14279187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5514012","display_name":"GNSS applications","level":3,"score":0.5629000067710876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14257148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q558066","display_name":"Gravitational field","level":2,"score":0.49399998784065247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.486299991607666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161840515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186131","display_name":"Terrain","level":2,"score":0.486299991607666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37054046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q641888","display_name":"Elevation (ballistics)","level":2,"score":0.46939998865127563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778755073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","level":2,"score":0.43869999051094055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96342900","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1413914","display_name":"Gravity anomaly","level":3,"score":0.4075999855995178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60229501","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18822","display_name":"Global Positioning System","level":2,"score":0.4065000116825104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68989474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q673166","display_name":"Gravity of Earth","level":3,"score":0.3961000144481659},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778027091","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25346003","display_name":"Satellite system","level":4,"score":0.3492000102996826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8058405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46255","display_name":"Geophysics","level":1,"score":0.320499986410141},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119016455","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5318980","display_name":"Dynamic height","level":3,"score":0.31369999051094055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155512373","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q287450","display_name":"Residual","level":2,"score":0.3041999936103821},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146009133","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159914","display_name":"Vertical deflection","level":3,"score":0.3010999858379364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202453963","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q499964","display_name":"Gravimetry","level":3,"score":0.29499998688697815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58489278","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1172284","display_name":"Data set","level":2,"score":0.2761000096797943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138827492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6661985","display_name":"Data processing","level":2,"score":0.27230000495910645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148043351","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4456944","display_name":"Current (fluid)","level":2,"score":0.2705000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.2644999921321869},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45374587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12525525","display_name":"Computation","level":2,"score":0.26170000433921814}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/computation13110260","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computation13110260","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2079-3197/13/11/260/pdf?version=1762261072","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2738402919","display_name":"Computation","issn_l":"2079-3197","issn":["2079-3197"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computation","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:d1008de075434f29a84c2f1308fdb894","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/d1008de075434f29a84c2f1308fdb894","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Computation, Vol 13, Iss 11, p 260 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/computation13110260","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computation13110260","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2079-3197/13/11/260/pdf?version=1762261072","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2738402919","display_name":"Computation","issn_l":"2079-3197","issn":["2079-3197"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computation","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4415877521.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4415877521.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":52,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1527340340","https://openalex.org/W1662506623","https://openalex.org/W1939313350","https://openalex.org/W1970614507","https://openalex.org/W1981981611","https://openalex.org/W1998535207","https://openalex.org/W2018904599","https://openalex.org/W2053987409","https://openalex.org/W2077148096","https://openalex.org/W2085067462","https://openalex.org/W2100453955","https://openalex.org/W2120569328","https://openalex.org/W2168341573","https://openalex.org/W2327759821","https://openalex.org/W2755046327","https://openalex.org/W2768970236","https://openalex.org/W2790652521","https://openalex.org/W2901958363","https://openalex.org/W2912134286","https://openalex.org/W2920764153","https://openalex.org/W2939182103","https://openalex.org/W2941640300","https://openalex.org/W3001443763","https://openalex.org/W3034670948","https://openalex.org/W3035562928","https://openalex.org/W3044870978","https://openalex.org/W3068806940","https://openalex.org/W3082619741","https://openalex.org/W3109820560","https://openalex.org/W3111145450","https://openalex.org/W3115843805","https://openalex.org/W3134083001","https://openalex.org/W3166170883","https://openalex.org/W3180454714","https://openalex.org/W3200124364","https://openalex.org/W3203877940","https://openalex.org/W4205693143","https://openalex.org/W4236687572","https://openalex.org/W4250868580","https://openalex.org/W4283717616","https://openalex.org/W4286255268","https://openalex.org/W4293187531","https://openalex.org/W4295021350","https://openalex.org/W4306754733","https://openalex.org/W4309029526","https://openalex.org/W4313500356","https://openalex.org/W4327716813","https://openalex.org/W4382337951","https://openalex.org/W4387138365","https://openalex.org/W4391730759","https://openalex.org/W4400254691","https://openalex.org/W4415276477"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Accurate":[0],"geoid":[1,48,119,215],"determination":[2],"is":[3],"essential":[4],"for":[5,10,49,68,77,184],"height":[6,150],"system":[7],"unification":[8],"and":[9,40,58,71,99,109,135,167,186,194],"converting":[11],"Global":[12],"Navigation":[13],"Satellite":[14],"System":[15],"(GNSS)":[16],"ellipsoidal":[17],"heights":[18],"to":[19,43,93,131,144],"orthometric":[20],"heights.":[21],"This":[22],"study":[23],"demonstrates":[24],"a":[25,45,63,72,154,180],"national-scale":[26],"workflow":[27],"that":[28,200],"integrates":[29],"digitized":[30,201],"Soviet-era":[31,202],"gravimetric":[32,47],"maps":[33,53,166],"at":[34],"1:200,000":[35,164],"scale":[36],"with":[37,62,89,207],"modern":[38,168,208],"satellite":[39,209],"ancillary":[41],"datasets":[42],"compute":[44],"high-resolution":[46],"Kazakhstan.":[50],"Legacy":[51],"gravity":[52,165,203],"were":[54],"systematically":[55],"digitized,":[56],"harmonized,":[57],"quality-controlled,":[59],"then":[60],"integrated":[61,161],"global":[64,177],"geopotential":[65],"model":[66,75],"(XGM2019e_2159)":[67],"long-wavelength":[69],"information":[70],"digital":[73],"elevation":[74],"(FABDEM)":[76],"terrain":[78],"corrections.":[79],"Geoid":[80],"computation":[81],"employed":[82],"the":[83,114,122,128,132,147],"Least-Squares":[84],"Modification":[85],"of":[86,106,140,157,163],"Stokes\u2019":[87],"Formula,":[88],"spectral":[90],"testing":[91],"used":[92,176],"select":[94],"optimal":[95],"parameters;":[96],"external":[97],"control":[98],"validation":[100],"relied":[101],"on":[102],"an":[103],"extensive":[104],"set":[105],"GNSS":[107],"observations":[108],"geometric":[110],"levelling":[111],"benchmarks":[112],"from":[113,127],"national":[115],"network.":[116],"The":[117,160],"resulting":[118],"surface":[120],"captures":[121],"country\u2019s":[123],"full":[124],"topographic":[125],"range,":[126],"Caspian":[129],"Depression":[130],"Tien":[133],"Shan":[134],"Altai.":[136],"After":[137],"regression-based":[138],"removal":[139],"residual":[141],"tilts":[142],"linked":[143],"distortions":[145],"in":[146],"Baltic":[148],"1977":[149],"system,":[151],"we":[152],"achieved":[153],"root-mean-square":[155],"error":[156],"0.066":[158],"m.":[159],"use":[162],"satellite-derived":[169],"models":[170],"yields":[171],"accuracy":[172],"improvements":[173],"over":[174],"widely":[175],"solutions,":[178],"establishing":[179],"consistent":[181],"vertical":[182],"reference":[183],"Kazakhstan":[185],"supporting":[187],"datum":[188],"modernization,":[189],"GNSS-based":[190],"heighting,":[191],"infrastructure":[192],"development,":[193],"environmental":[195],"monitoring.":[196],"These":[197],"results":[198],"show":[199],"maps,":[204],"when":[205],"fused":[206],"datasets,":[210],"can":[211],"provide":[212],"robust,":[213],"high-accuracy":[214],"solutions.":[216]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-03-09T07:00:12.390032","created_date":"2025-11-04T00:00:00"}