{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4411873357","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computation13070158","title":"Enhancing DDoS Attacks Mitigation Using Machine Learning and Blockchain-Based Mobile Edge Computing in IoT","display_name":"Enhancing DDoS Attacks Mitigation Using Machine Learning and Blockchain-Based Mobile Edge Computing in IoT","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-07-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4411873357","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computation13070158"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/computation13070158","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computation13070158","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2079-3197/13/7/158/pdf?version=1751436681","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2738402919","display_name":"Computation","issn_l":"2079-3197","issn":["2079-3197"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computation","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2079-3197/13/7/158/pdf?version=1751436681","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5092444341","display_name":"Mahmoud Chaira","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165002","display_name":"\u00c9cole Sup\u00e9rieure de Commerce","ror":"https://ror.org/05md7ag74","country_code":"DZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210165002"]}],"countries":["DZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mahmoud Chaira","raw_affiliation_strings":["D\u00e9partement Marketing, Ecole Sup\u00e9rieure de Commerce, Kolea 42400, Algeria"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-8379-3589","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"D\u00e9partement Marketing, Ecole Sup\u00e9rieure de Commerce, Kolea 42400, Algeria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165002"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045524234","display_name":"Abdelkader Belhenniche","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4272-6232"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I182534213","display_name":"Universidade do Porto","ror":"https://ror.org/043pwc612","country_code":"PT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I182534213"]}],"countries":["PT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abdelkader Belhenniche","raw_affiliation_strings":["SYSTEC-ARISE Research Center for Systems and Technologies, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias s/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4272-6232","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"SYSTEC-ARISE Research Center for Systems and Technologies, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias s/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I182534213"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040657266","display_name":"Roman Chertovskih","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5179-4344"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I182534213","display_name":"Universidade do Porto","ror":"https://ror.org/043pwc612","country_code":"PT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I182534213"]}],"countries":["PT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Roman Chertovskih","raw_affiliation_strings":["SYSTEC-ARISE Research Center for Systems and Technologies, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias s/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5179-4344","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"SYSTEC-ARISE Research Center for Systems and Technologies, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias s/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I182534213"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5040657266"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I182534213"],"apc_list":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"apc_paid":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"fwci":8.11,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97411183,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"7","first_page":"158","last_page":"158"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9787999987602234,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9787999987602234,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blockchain","display_name":"Blockchain","score":0.9424944519996643},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/denial-of-service-attack","display_name":"Denial-of-service attack","score":0.8176805973052979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.685512900352478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-of-things","display_name":"Internet of Things","score":0.6506341695785522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/enhanced-data-rates-for-gsm-evolution","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","score":0.6100415587425232},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mobile-edge-computing","display_name":"Mobile edge computing","score":0.5590815544128418},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/edge-computing","display_name":"Edge computing","score":0.5103902220726013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.509543240070343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.2420687973499298},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.1821645200252533},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/the-internet","display_name":"The Internet","score":0.1005430817604065}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779687700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20514253","display_name":"Blockchain","level":2,"score":0.9424944519996643},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38822068","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131406","display_name":"Denial-of-service attack","level":3,"score":0.8176805973052979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.685512900352478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81860439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q251212","display_name":"Internet of Things","level":2,"score":0.6506341695785522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162307627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q204833","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","level":2,"score":0.6100415587425232},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776061582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25325231","display_name":"Mobile edge computing","level":3,"score":0.5590815544128418},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778456923","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5337692","display_name":"Edge computing","level":3,"score":0.5103902220726013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.509543240070343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.2420687973499298},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.1821645200252533},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.1005430817604065}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/computation13070158","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computation13070158","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2079-3197/13/7/158/pdf?version=1751436681","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2738402919","display_name":"Computation","issn_l":"2079-3197","issn":["2079-3197"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computation","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:102e7a42b23244f1a86e6f8fc3ec3054","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/102e7a42b23244f1a86e6f8fc3ec3054","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Computation, Vol 13, Iss 7, p 158 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/computation13070158","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computation13070158","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2079-3197/13/7/158/pdf?version=1751436681","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2738402919","display_name":"Computation","issn_l":"2079-3197","issn":["2079-3197"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computation","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2834638111","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"UIDP/00147/2020","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334779","funder_display_name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2848865941","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"UIDB/00147/2020","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334779","funder_display_name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8238074263","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"LA/P/0112/2020","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334779","funder_display_name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334779","display_name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","ror":"https://ror.org/00snfqn58"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4411873357.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4411873357.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":28,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1967561194","https://openalex.org/W2079983098","https://openalex.org/W2105103777","https://openalex.org/W2508433864","https://openalex.org/W2547398785","https://openalex.org/W2548015322","https://openalex.org/W2612437872","https://openalex.org/W2733765803","https://openalex.org/W2775195841","https://openalex.org/W2782789473","https://openalex.org/W2786894629","https://openalex.org/W2805315705","https://openalex.org/W2911964244","https://openalex.org/W3082527254","https://openalex.org/W3134111902","https://openalex.org/W3138963730","https://openalex.org/W4213113494","https://openalex.org/W4285221277","https://openalex.org/W4285227013","https://openalex.org/W4285296268","https://openalex.org/W4312988191","https://openalex.org/W4316039105","https://openalex.org/W4386701422","https://openalex.org/W4393006347","https://openalex.org/W4399413659","https://openalex.org/W4410817805","https://openalex.org/W6743493502","https://openalex.org/W6838819530"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4361251304","https://openalex.org/W3024547383","https://openalex.org/W4210813012","https://openalex.org/W3174690704","https://openalex.org/W4221092438","https://openalex.org/W4406207611","https://openalex.org/W4407633523","https://openalex.org/W4385335479","https://openalex.org/W2905685817","https://openalex.org/W2730940305"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"widespread":[1],"adoption":[2],"of":[3,5,22,25,37,80,135],"Internet":[4],"Things":[6],"(IoT)":[7],"devices":[8],"has":[9],"been":[10],"accompanied":[11],"by":[12],"a":[13,48,131,166],"remarkable":[14],"rise":[15],"in":[16,69,178],"both":[17],"the":[18,35,75,93,121],"frequency":[19],"and":[20,33,40,55,77,86,90,118,143,158,168,173],"intensity":[21],"Distributed":[23],"Denial":[24],"Service":[26],"(DDoS)":[27],"attacks,":[28],"which":[29],"aim":[30],"to":[31,51,83,162],"overwhelm":[32],"disrupt":[34],"availability":[36],"networked":[38],"systems":[39],"connected":[41],"infrastructures.":[42],"In":[43],"this":[44],"paper,":[45],"we":[46],"present":[47],"novel":[49],"approach":[50,153],"DDoS":[52],"attack":[53],"detection":[54,133,156],"mitigation":[56,159],"that":[57,127],"integrates":[58],"state-of-the-art":[59],"machine":[60,99],"learning":[61,100],"techniques":[62],"with":[63,141],"Blockchain-based":[64],"Mobile":[65],"Edge":[66],"Computing":[67],"(MEC)":[68],"IoT":[70,179],"environments.":[71,180],"Our":[72,124],"solution":[73],"leverages":[74],"decentralized":[76],"tamper-resistant":[78],"nature":[79],"Blockchain":[81],"technology":[82],"enable":[84],"secure":[85],"efficient":[87],"data":[88],"collection":[89],"processing":[91],"at":[92],"network":[94],"edge.":[95],"We":[96],"evaluate":[97],"multiple":[98],"models,":[101],"including":[102],"K-Nearest":[103],"Neighbors":[104],"(KNN),":[105],"Support":[106],"Vector":[107],"Machine":[108],"(SVM),":[109],"Decision":[110],"Tree":[111],"(DT),":[112],"Random":[113],"Forest":[114],"(RF),":[115],"Transformer":[116,128],"architectures,":[117],"LightGBM,":[119],"using":[120],"CICDDoS2019":[122],"dataset.":[123],"results":[125],"demonstrate":[126],"models":[129],"achieve":[130],"superior":[132],"accuracy":[134,157],"99.78%,":[136],"while":[137],"RF":[138],"follows":[139],"closely":[140],"99.62%,":[142],"LightGBM":[144],"offers":[145],"optimal":[146],"efficiency":[147],"for":[148,171],"real-time":[149],"detection.":[150],"This":[151],"integrated":[152],"significantly":[154],"enhances":[155],"effectiveness":[160],"compared":[161],"existing":[163],"methods,":[164],"providing":[165],"robust":[167],"adaptive":[169],"mechanism":[170],"identifying":[172],"mitigating":[174],"malicious":[175],"traffic":[176],"patterns":[177]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}