{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4401992124","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computation12090173","title":"A Deep Learning Model for Detecting Fake Medical Images to Mitigate Financial Insurance Fraud","display_name":"A Deep Learning Model for Detecting Fake Medical Images to Mitigate Financial Insurance Fraud","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-08-29","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4401992124","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computation12090173"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/computation12090173","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computation12090173","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2079-3197/12/9/173/pdf?version=1724930800","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2738402919","display_name":"Computation","issn_l":"2079-3197","issn":["2079-3197"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computation","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2079-3197/12/9/173/pdf?version=1724930800","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064926342","display_name":"Muhammad Asad Arshed","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5583-1253"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87482320","display_name":"University of Management and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0095xcq10","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87482320"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Asad Arshed","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Systems and Technology, University of Management and Technology, Lahore 54770, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5583-1253","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Systems and Technology, University of Management and Technology, Lahore 54770, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87482320"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028514360","display_name":"Shahzad Mumtaz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2606-2405"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I195460627","display_name":"University of Aberdeen","ror":"https://ror.org/016476m91","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I195460627"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shahzad Mumtaz","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Natural and Computing Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 3UE, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2606-2405","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Natural and Computing Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 3UE, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I195460627"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085361908","display_name":"\u015etefan Cristian Gherghina","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2911-6480"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I88491126","display_name":"Bucharest University of Economic Studies","ror":"https://ror.org/04yvncj21","country_code":"RO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I88491126"]}],"countries":["RO"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"\u0218tefan Cristian Gherghina","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Finance, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, 6 Piata Romana, 010374 Bucharest, Romania"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2911-6480","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Finance, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, 6 Piata Romana, 010374 Bucharest, Romania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I88491126"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5106833815","display_name":"Neelam Urooj","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I174731842","display_name":"Islamia University of Bahawalpur","ror":"https://ror.org/002rc4w13","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I174731842"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210150297","display_name":"Institute of Business Management","ror":"https://ror.org/048w4c951","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210150297"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Neelam Urooj","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Business Management and Administrative Sciences (IBM & AS), The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Business Management and Administrative Sciences (IBM & AS), The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I174731842","https://openalex.org/I4210150297"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022191753","display_name":"Saeed Ahmed","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6910-7613"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I187531555","display_name":"Lund University","ror":"https://ror.org/012a77v79","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I187531555"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87482320","display_name":"University of Management and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0095xcq10","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87482320"]}],"countries":["PK","SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Saeed Ahmed","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Experimental Medical Science, Biomedical Center (BMC), Lund University, 22184 Lund, Sweden","School of Systems and Technology, University of Management and Technology, Lahore 54770, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6910-7613","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Experimental Medical Science, Biomedical Center (BMC), Lund University, 22184 Lund, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I187531555"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Systems and Technology, University of Management and Technology, Lahore 54770, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87482320"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078312887","display_name":"Christine Dewi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1284-234X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149704539","display_name":"Deakin University","ror":"https://ror.org/02czsnj07","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149704539"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157219812","display_name":"Satya Wacana Christian University","ror":"https://ror.org/009nnre75","country_code":"ID","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157219812"]}],"countries":["AU","ID"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Christine Dewi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Technology, Satya Wacana Christian University, Salatiga 50715, Indonesia","School of Information Technology, Deakin University, Campus 221 Burwood Hwy, Burwood, VIC 3125, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1284-234X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Technology, Satya Wacana Christian University, Salatiga 50715, Indonesia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157219812"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Technology, Deakin University, Campus 221 Burwood Hwy, Burwood, VIC 3125, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149704539"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":6,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5078312887","https://openalex.org/A5085361908"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149704539","https://openalex.org/I157219812","https://openalex.org/I88491126"],"apc_list":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"apc_paid":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"fwci":4.5158,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":19,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95816548,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":"9","first_page":"173","last_page":"173"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12357","display_name":"Digital Media Forensic Detection","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12357","display_name":"Digital Media Forensic Detection","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10862","display_name":"AI in cancer detection","score":0.9747999906539917,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10775","display_name":"Generative Adversarial Networks and Image Synthesis","score":0.9472000002861023,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.46977585554122925},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.4439281225204468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/insurance-fraud","display_name":"Insurance fraud","score":0.4149453938007355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3853471279144287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/actuarial-science","display_name":"Actuarial science","score":0.3833971321582794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/finance","display_name":"Finance","score":0.34893736243247986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.3300638794898987}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.46977585554122925},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.4439281225204468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778976927","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q838081","display_name":"Insurance fraud","level":2,"score":0.4149453938007355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3853471279144287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162118730","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1128453","display_name":"Actuarial science","level":1,"score":0.3833971321582794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.34893736243247986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3300638794898987}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/computation12090173","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computation12090173","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2079-3197/12/9/173/pdf?version=1724930800","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2738402919","display_name":"Computation","issn_l":"2079-3197","issn":["2079-3197"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computation","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:aura.abdn.ac.uk:2164/24166","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/2164/24166","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400966","display_name":"Aberdeen University Research Archive (Aberdeen University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I195460627","host_organization_name":"University of Aberdeen","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I195460627"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Journal article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:aead19a5190f43e88fae5aa5562b3379","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/aead19a5190f43e88fae5aa5562b3379","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Computation, Vol 12, Iss 9, p 173 (2024)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:figshare.com:article/27176610","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/A_Deep_Learning_Model_for_Detecting_Fake_Medical_Images_to_Mitigate_Financial_Insurance_Fraud/27176610","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196282","display_name":"Figshare","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210132348","host_organization_name":"Figshare (United Kingdom)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210132348"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2079-3197/12/9/173/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/computation12090173","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Computation","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/computation12090173","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computation12090173","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2079-3197/12/9/173/pdf?version=1724930800","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2738402919","display_name":"Computation","issn_l":"2079-3197","issn":["2079-3197"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computation","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.699999988079071,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4401992124.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4401992124.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":43,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1508935397","https://openalex.org/W1686810756","https://openalex.org/W1861492603","https://openalex.org/W1927410363","https://openalex.org/W1982106473","https://openalex.org/W1986649315","https://openalex.org/W2104116677","https://openalex.org/W2171697262","https://openalex.org/W2183341477","https://openalex.org/W2302255633","https://openalex.org/W2518397542","https://openalex.org/W2531409750","https://openalex.org/W2769848455","https://openalex.org/W2784342573","https://openalex.org/W2794022343","https://openalex.org/W2910333870","https://openalex.org/W2945641548","https://openalex.org/W2946948417","https://openalex.org/W2963163009","https://openalex.org/W3016719260","https://openalex.org/W3020884105","https://openalex.org/W3127203189","https://openalex.org/W3134470570","https://openalex.org/W3164736800","https://openalex.org/W3171087525","https://openalex.org/W4206010712","https://openalex.org/W4226512186","https://openalex.org/W4298289240","https://openalex.org/W4308862026","https://openalex.org/W4309226870","https://openalex.org/W4312443924","https://openalex.org/W4312933868","https://openalex.org/W4321496081","https://openalex.org/W4387312999","https://openalex.org/W4388229916","https://openalex.org/W4389633690","https://openalex.org/W4392774535","https://openalex.org/W4393338717","https://openalex.org/W6637568146","https://openalex.org/W6747494784","https://openalex.org/W6790174634","https://openalex.org/W6793164127","https://openalex.org/W6796931752"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2731899572","https://openalex.org/W3215138031","https://openalex.org/W3009238340","https://openalex.org/W4321369474","https://openalex.org/W4360585206","https://openalex.org/W4285208911","https://openalex.org/W3082895349","https://openalex.org/W4213079790","https://openalex.org/W2248239756","https://openalex.org/W4323565446"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Artificial":[0],"Intelligence":[1],"and":[2,19,45,53,67,79,91,129,159,196,203,207,221,227,234,288,291,312,321,327,337,350],"Deepfake":[3],"Technologies":[4],"have":[5],"brought":[6,35],"a":[7,100,214,261,272],"new":[8,36],"dimension":[9],"to":[10,47,62,114,256,259,275,300,356],"the":[11,40,65,84,96,105,154,162,169,188,219,237,242,250,278,292,295,325,328,333],"generation":[12,109],"of":[13,43,69,86,89,156,168,187,194,224,294,305,324],"fake":[14,24,92,106,149,195,228,289],"data,":[15,244,252,326],"making":[16],"it":[17,254],"easier":[18],"faster":[20,41],"than":[21,139],"ever":[22],"before\u2014this":[23],"data":[25,108,128,239,297],"could":[26,111,264,281],"include":[27],"text,":[28],"images,":[29,290],"sounds,":[30],"videos,":[31],"etc.":[32],"This":[33],"has":[34,314,345],"challenges":[37],"that":[38,173,347],"require":[39],"development":[42],"tools":[44],"techniques":[46],"avoid":[48],"fraudulent":[49],"activities":[50],"at":[51],"pace":[52],"scale.":[54],"Our":[55,343],"focus":[56],"in":[57,83,232,236,241,319],"this":[58,120,165],"research":[59,171],"study":[60,103,274],"is":[61,166],"empirically":[63],"evaluate":[64],"use":[66],"effectiveness":[68],"deep":[70,306],"learning":[71,307],"models":[72],"such":[73,142],"as":[74,99,143],"Convolutional":[75],"Neural":[76,81],"Networks":[77,82],"(CNNs)":[78],"Patch-based":[80],"context":[85],"successful":[87],"identification":[88],"real":[90,182,197,226,287,364],"images.":[93,152,365],"We":[94,269],"chose":[95],"healthcare":[97],"domain":[98],"potential":[101],"case":[102],"where":[104,277],"medical":[107],"approach":[110],"be":[112,257,301],"used":[113,130],"make":[115],"false":[116],"insurance":[117],"claims.":[118],"For":[119],"purpose,":[121],"we":[122,191],"obtained":[123],"publicly":[124],"available":[125],"skin":[126,150],"cancer":[127,151],"recently":[131],"introduced":[132],"stable":[133,178,361],"diffusion":[134,179,362],"approaches\u2014a":[135],"more":[136],"effective":[137,354],"technique":[138],"prior":[140],"approaches":[141,309,352],"Generative":[144],"Adversarial":[145],"Network":[146],"(GAN)\u2014to":[147],"generate":[148],"To":[153],"best":[155],"our":[157],"knowledge,":[158],"based":[160],"on":[161],"literature":[163],"review,":[164],"one":[167],"few":[170],"studies":[172],"uses":[174],"images":[175,198,229,358],"generated":[176,359],"using":[177,199],"along":[180],"with":[181,336],"image":[183],"data.":[184],"As":[185],"part":[186],"exploratory":[189,349],"analysis,":[190],"analyzed":[192],"histograms":[193],"individual":[200],"color":[201],"channels":[202],"averaged":[204],"across":[205],"training":[206,238,251,320],"testing":[208],"datasets.":[209],"The":[210,303],"histogram":[211],"analysis":[212,344],"demonstrated":[213,315,346],"clear":[215],"change":[216],"by":[217],"shifting":[218],"mean":[220],"overall":[222],"distribution":[223],"both":[225,245],"(more":[230],"prominent":[231],"blue":[233],"green)":[235],"whereas,":[240],"test":[243,296,334],"means":[246],"were":[247],"different":[248],"from":[249,360],"so":[253],"appears":[255],"non-trivial":[258],"set":[260],"threshold":[262],"which":[263],"give":[265],"better":[266],"predictive":[267,308],"capability.":[268],"also":[270],"conducted":[271],"user":[273],"observe":[276],"naked":[279],"eye":[280],"identify":[282],"any":[283],"patterns":[284],"for":[285,332],"classifying":[286],"accuracy":[293,317],"was":[298,330],"observed":[299,331],"68%.":[302],"adoption":[304],"(i.e.,":[310],"patch-based":[311],"CNN-based)":[313],"similar":[316],"(~100%)":[318],"validation":[322],"subsets":[323],"same":[329],"subset":[335],"without":[338],"StratifiedKFold":[339],"(k":[340],"=":[341],"3).":[342],"state-of-the-art":[348],"deep-learning":[351],"are":[353],"enough":[355],"detect":[357],"vs.":[363]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":11}],"updated_date":"2026-04-25T08:17:42.794288","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
