{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4399291912","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computation12060114","title":"Implications of Using Scalar Forcing to Sustain Reactant Mixture Stratification in Direct Numerical Simulations of Turbulent Combustion","display_name":"Implications of Using Scalar Forcing to Sustain Reactant Mixture Stratification in Direct Numerical Simulations of Turbulent Combustion","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-06-03","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4399291912","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computation12060114"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/computation12060114","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computation12060114","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2079-3197/12/6/114/pdf?version=1717407578","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2738402919","display_name":"Computation","issn_l":"2079-3197","issn":["2079-3197"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computation","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2079-3197/12/6/114/pdf?version=1717407578","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011928770","display_name":"Peter Brearley","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0910-6499"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47508984","display_name":"Imperial College London","ror":"https://ror.org/041kmwe10","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I84884186","display_name":"Newcastle University","ror":"https://ror.org/01kj2bm70","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I84884186"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Peter Brearley","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Aeronautics, Imperial College London, London SW7 2BX, UK","School of Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Aeronautics, Imperial College London, London SW7 2BX, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84884186"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034463368","display_name":"Umair Ahmed","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7828-7895"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I84884186","display_name":"Newcastle University","ror":"https://ror.org/01kj2bm70","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I84884186"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Umair Ahmed","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7828-7895","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84884186"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011964617","display_name":"Nilanjan Chakraborty","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1690-2036"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I84884186","display_name":"Newcastle University","ror":"https://ror.org/01kj2bm70","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I84884186"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Nilanjan Chakraborty","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1690-2036","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84884186"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5011964617"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84884186"],"apc_list":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"apc_paid":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.07981457,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":"6","first_page":"114","last_page":"114"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10553","display_name":"Combustion and flame dynamics","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2206","display_name":"Computational Mechanics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10553","display_name":"Combustion and flame dynamics","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2206","display_name":"Computational Mechanics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10117","display_name":"Advanced Combustion Engine Technologies","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1507","display_name":"Fluid Flow and Transfer Processes"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/15","display_name":"Chemical Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11317","display_name":"Fire dynamics and safety research","score":0.9968000054359436,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2213","display_name":"Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/turbulence","display_name":"Turbulence","score":0.7772077322006226},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mechanics","display_name":"Mechanics","score":0.721993625164032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/direct-numerical-simulation","display_name":"Direct numerical simulation","score":0.6690775156021118},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalar","display_name":"Scalar (mathematics)","score":0.6228664517402649},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/combustion","display_name":"Combustion","score":0.5866581201553345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stratification","display_name":"Stratification (seeds)","score":0.577380895614624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/forcing","display_name":"Forcing (mathematics)","score":0.5700033903121948},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dissipation","display_name":"Dissipation","score":0.5056142807006836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/probability-density-function","display_name":"Probability density function","score":0.48946988582611084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/thermodynamics","display_name":"Thermodynamics","score":0.46530917286872864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.4113496243953705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.39301005005836487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/meteorology","display_name":"Meteorology","score":0.36346927285194397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chemistry","display_name":"Chemistry","score":0.3128649592399597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.2769956588745117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/atmospheric-sciences","display_name":"Atmospheric sciences","score":0.2575310468673706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.16752052307128906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reynolds-number","display_name":"Reynolds number","score":0.10994434356689453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geometry","display_name":"Geometry","score":0.07137298583984375}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C196558001","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190132","display_name":"Turbulence","level":2,"score":0.7772077322006226},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57879066","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41217","display_name":"Mechanics","level":1,"score":0.721993625164032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18533594","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1227572","display_name":"Direct numerical simulation","level":4,"score":0.6690775156021118},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57691317","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1289248","display_name":"Scalar (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.6228664517402649},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105923489","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133235","display_name":"Combustion","level":2,"score":0.5866581201553345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192943249","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1893382","display_name":"Stratification (seeds)","level":5,"score":0.577380895614624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197115733","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1003136","display_name":"Forcing (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.5700033903121948},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C135402231","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q898440","display_name":"Dissipation","level":2,"score":0.5056142807006836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197055811","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207522","display_name":"Probability density function","level":2,"score":0.48946988582611084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97355855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11473","display_name":"Thermodynamics","level":1,"score":0.46530917286872864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.4113496243953705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.39301005005836487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.36346927285194397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.3128649592399597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.2769956588745117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91586092","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q757520","display_name":"Atmospheric sciences","level":1,"score":0.2575310468673706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.16752052307128906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182748727","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178932","display_name":"Reynolds number","level":3,"score":0.10994434356689453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.07137298583984375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100701293","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193838","display_name":"Germination","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3527866","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162267","display_name":"Dormancy","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178790620","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11351","display_name":"Organic chemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59822182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q441","display_name":"Botany","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C88548481","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2397491","display_name":"Seed dormancy","level":4,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/computation12060114","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computation12060114","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2079-3197/12/6/114/pdf?version=1717407578","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2738402919","display_name":"Computation","issn_l":"2079-3197","issn":["2079-3197"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computation","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.atira.dk:openaire/39dd3490-5b4e-4dd4-8104-a9df8f93bb91","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://research.manchester.ac.uk/en/publications/39dd3490-5b4e-4dd4-8104-a9df8f93bb91","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400662","display_name":"Research Explorer (The University of Manchester)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I28407311","host_organization_name":"University of Manchester","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28407311"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Brearley, P, Ahmed, U & Chakraborty, N 2024, 'Implications of using scalar forcing to sustain reactant mixture stratification in direct numerical simulations of turbulent combustion', Computation. https://doi.org/10.3390/computation12060114","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:8b6e482150a44a10b172fa4f45746817","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/8b6e482150a44a10b172fa4f45746817","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Computation, Vol 12, Iss 6, p 114 (2024)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2079-3197/12/6/114/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/computation12060114","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Computation","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/computation12060114","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computation12060114","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2079-3197/12/6/114/pdf?version=1717407578","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2738402919","display_name":"Computation","issn_l":"2079-3197","issn":["2079-3197"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computation","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7105014324","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/R029369/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7397965833","display_name":"Addressing Challenges Through Effective Utilisation of High Performance Computing - a case for the UK Consortium on Turbulent Reacting Flows (UKCTRF)","funder_award_id":"EP/R029369/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320295","display_name":"Newcastle University","ror":"https://ror.org/01kj2bm70"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/0439y7842"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4399291912.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":42,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1445004069","https://openalex.org/W1969782195","https://openalex.org/W1972831700","https://openalex.org/W1981869478","https://openalex.org/W1985519884","https://openalex.org/W1985787637","https://openalex.org/W2018147629","https://openalex.org/W2019220765","https://openalex.org/W2019699336","https://openalex.org/W2034666674","https://openalex.org/W2050126433","https://openalex.org/W2051385794","https://openalex.org/W2053600048","https://openalex.org/W2060113525","https://openalex.org/W2067157014","https://openalex.org/W2068255537","https://openalex.org/W2075183213","https://openalex.org/W2075770326","https://openalex.org/W2078644903","https://openalex.org/W2115390656","https://openalex.org/W2133205205","https://openalex.org/W2149571220","https://openalex.org/W2159667118","https://openalex.org/W2408344232","https://openalex.org/W2593674003","https://openalex.org/W2621656860","https://openalex.org/W2742195893","https://openalex.org/W2803063938","https://openalex.org/W2944465718","https://openalex.org/W2992584247","https://openalex.org/W3106723894","https://openalex.org/W3112538897","https://openalex.org/W3112608685","https://openalex.org/W4200531597","https://openalex.org/W4206106693","https://openalex.org/W4231540722","https://openalex.org/W4283213722","https://openalex.org/W4292858497","https://openalex.org/W4375861458","https://openalex.org/W4380786582","https://openalex.org/W6676958153","https://openalex.org/W6751536317"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2347486132","https://openalex.org/W2316789606","https://openalex.org/W2350340797","https://openalex.org/W4293224283","https://openalex.org/W2950501077","https://openalex.org/W2368601041","https://openalex.org/W2079984045","https://openalex.org/W2582182843","https://openalex.org/W2332369006","https://openalex.org/W2129883169"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0],"recently":[1],"proposed":[2],"scalar":[3,123,132],"forcing":[4,42,45,99,133],"scheme":[5],"that":[6],"maintains":[7],"the":[8,18,74,104,115,119,127],"mixture":[9,71],"fraction":[10],"mean,":[11],"root-mean-square":[12],"and":[13,54,79,88,114],"probability":[14],"density":[15],"function":[16],"in":[17,28,58,83,157],"unburned":[19,69],"gas":[20,70],"can":[21],"lead":[22],"to":[23,47,60,85,109],"a":[24,135],"statistically":[25],"quasi-stationary":[26],"state":[27],"direct":[29],"numerical":[30],"simulations":[31,62],"of":[32,50,77,112,126],"turbulent":[33,51],"stratified":[34],"combustion":[35,113,152],"when":[36],"combined":[37],"with":[38],"velocity":[39,53],"forcing.":[40],"Scalar":[41,98],"alongside":[43],"turbulence":[44,96],"leads":[46],"greater":[48],"values":[49],"burning":[52],"flame":[55,81,120],"surface":[56],"area":[57],"comparison":[59,84],"unforced":[61,86],"for":[63,94,138,150],"globally":[64],"fuel-lean":[65],"mixtures.":[66],"The":[67],"sustained":[68],"inhomogeneity":[72],"changes":[73],"percentage":[75],"shares":[76],"back-":[78],"front-supported":[80],"elements":[82],"simulations,":[87],"this":[89],"effect":[90],"is":[91],"particularly":[92],"apparent":[93],"high":[95],"intensities.":[97],"does":[100],"not":[101],"significantly":[102],"affect":[103],"heat":[105],"release":[106],"rates":[107],"due":[108],"different":[110],"modes":[111],"micro-mixing":[116],"rate":[117,125],"within":[118],"characterised":[121],"by":[122],"dissipation":[124],"reaction":[128],"progress":[129],"variable.":[130],"Thus,":[131],"has":[134],"significant":[136],"potential":[137],"enabling":[139],"detailed":[140],"parametric":[141],"studies":[142],"as":[143,145],"well":[144],"providing":[146],"well-converged":[147],"time-averaged":[148],"statistics":[149],"stratified-mixture":[151],"using":[153],"Direct":[154],"Numerical":[155],"Simulations":[156],"canonical":[158],"configurations.":[159]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
