{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4393357386","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computation12040066","title":"COVID-19 Image Classification: A Comparative Performance Analysis of Hand-Crafted vs. Deep Features","display_name":"COVID-19 Image Classification: A Comparative Performance Analysis of Hand-Crafted vs. Deep Features","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-03-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4393357386","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computation12040066"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/computation12040066","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computation12040066","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2079-3197/12/4/66/pdf?version=1711799942","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2738402919","display_name":"Computation","issn_l":"2079-3197","issn":["2079-3197"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computation","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2079-3197/12/4/66/pdf?version=1711799942","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048466810","display_name":"Sadiq Alinsaif","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5185-7704"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210112337","display_name":"University of Hafr Al-Batin","ror":"https://ror.org/021jt1927","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210112337"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Sadiq Alinsaif","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Hafr Al Batin, Hafar Al Batin 39524, Saudi Arabia","College of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Hafr Al Batin, Hafar Al Batin 39524, Saudi Arabia;"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5185-7704","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Hafr Al Batin, Hafar Al Batin 39524, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210112337"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Hafr Al Batin, Hafar Al Batin 39524, Saudi Arabia;","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210112337"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5048466810"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210112337"],"apc_list":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"apc_paid":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"fwci":3.0761,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":8,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91162446,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":"4","first_page":"66","last_page":"66"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11775","display_name":"COVID-19 diagnosis using AI","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11775","display_name":"COVID-19 diagnosis using AI","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10862","display_name":"AI in cancer detection","score":0.9898999929428101,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11512","display_name":"Anomaly Detection Techniques and Applications","score":0.9878000020980835,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coronavirus-disease-2019","display_name":"Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)","score":0.7877153158187866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/2019-20-coronavirus-outbreak","display_name":"2019-20 coronavirus outbreak","score":0.5376919507980347},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/severe-acute-respiratory-syndrome-coronavirus-2","display_name":"Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)","score":0.514472484588623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5129470229148865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.4200747013092041},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.39169609546661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.33892619609832764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/virology","display_name":"Virology","score":0.2294011414051056},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.22562384605407715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internal-medicine","display_name":"Internal medicine","score":0.14293569326400757}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3008058167","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q84263196","display_name":"Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)","level":4,"score":0.7877153158187866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3006700255","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q81068910","display_name":"2019-20 coronavirus outbreak","level":3,"score":0.5376919507980347},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3007834351","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82069695","display_name":"Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)","level":5,"score":0.514472484588623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5129470229148865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4200747013092041},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.39169609546661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.33892619609832764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159047783","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7215","display_name":"Virology","level":1,"score":0.2294011414051056},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.22562384605407715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.14293569326400757},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779134260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12136","display_name":"Disease","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C524204448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q788926","display_name":"Infectious disease (medical specialty)","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116675565","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3241045","display_name":"Outbreak","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/computation12040066","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computation12040066","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2079-3197/12/4/66/pdf?version=1711799942","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2738402919","display_name":"Computation","issn_l":"2079-3197","issn":["2079-3197"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computation","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:265e3fffd7f14bc29da033de5ca6b843","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/265e3fffd7f14bc29da033de5ca6b843","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Computation, Vol 12, Iss 4, p 66 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/computation12040066","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computation12040066","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2079-3197/12/4/66/pdf?version=1711799942","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2738402919","display_name":"Computation","issn_l":"2079-3197","issn":["2079-3197"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computation","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality Education","score":0.41999998688697815,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4393357386.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":112,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1550036836","https://openalex.org/W1607979445","https://openalex.org/W1669690275","https://openalex.org/W1964246740","https://openalex.org/W1964762821","https://openalex.org/W1984010897","https://openalex.org/W1985641745","https://openalex.org/W2009659028","https://openalex.org/W2014696193","https://openalex.org/W2016074615","https://openalex.org/W2017408678","https://openalex.org/W2019880266","https://openalex.org/W2027756614","https://openalex.org/W2039714712","https://openalex.org/W2061602652","https://openalex.org/W2063939936","https://openalex.org/W2071285205","https://openalex.org/W2097117768","https://openalex.org/W2101965618","https://openalex.org/W2108598243","https://openalex.org/W2117072267","https://openalex.org/W2117853853","https://openalex.org/W2123367805","https://openalex.org/W2149933564","https://openalex.org/W2154683974","https://openalex.org/W2163352848","https://openalex.org/W2166750180","https://openalex.org/W2183341477","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2293457052","https://openalex.org/W2329827581","https://openalex.org/W2531409750","https://openalex.org/W2805755230","https://openalex.org/W2963125010","https://openalex.org/W2963163009","https://openalex.org/W2963446712","https://openalex.org/W2964081807","https://openalex.org/W2964350391","https://openalex.org/W3007497549","https://openalex.org/W3008985036","https://openalex.org/W3009473592","https://openalex.org/W3011297200","https://openalex.org/W3014725478","https://openalex.org/W3018452151","https://openalex.org/W3021921998","https://openalex.org/W3038003980","https://openalex.org/W3048531412","https://openalex.org/W3083972167","https://openalex.org/W3087304209","https://openalex.org/W3089168916","https://openalex.org/W3089854338","https://openalex.org/W3091929952","https://openalex.org/W3104004606","https://openalex.org/W3104810384","https://openalex.org/W3108203735","https://openalex.org/W3114166611","https://openalex.org/W3123536399","https://openalex.org/W3126240305","https://openalex.org/W3126486492","https://openalex.org/W3139338041","https://openalex.org/W3148729856","https://openalex.org/W3158317643","https://openalex.org/W3164076406","https://openalex.org/W3168404669","https://openalex.org/W3173817500","https://openalex.org/W3187769826","https://openalex.org/W3197002589","https://openalex.org/W3197433849","https://openalex.org/W3198032304","https://openalex.org/W3200268767","https://openalex.org/W3200413543","https://openalex.org/W3209200988","https://openalex.org/W4200138904","https://openalex.org/W4200226120","https://openalex.org/W4200579935","https://openalex.org/W4206676678","https://openalex.org/W4206929621","https://openalex.org/W4210530275","https://openalex.org/W4214569887","https://openalex.org/W4220804187","https://openalex.org/W4224287119","https://openalex.org/W4229004701","https://openalex.org/W4247341659","https://openalex.org/W4285728156","https://openalex.org/W4288906125","https://openalex.org/W4293045515","https://openalex.org/W4293743046","https://openalex.org/W4296836108","https://openalex.org/W4298149125","https://openalex.org/W4306377506","https://openalex.org/W4306848303","https://openalex.org/W4307298424","https://openalex.org/W4309015005","https://openalex.org/W4310076807","https://openalex.org/W4324378832","https://openalex.org/W4362571183","https://openalex.org/W4378976788","https://openalex.org/W4383744772","https://openalex.org/W4386082959","https://openalex.org/W4387163303","https://openalex.org/W4387335069","https://openalex.org/W4388441026","https://openalex.org/W4389954183","https://openalex.org/W4390463041","https://openalex.org/W4391223652","https://openalex.org/W6632663775","https://openalex.org/W6690802445","https://openalex.org/W6845550427","https://openalex.org/W6851712800","https://openalex.org/W6859816916","https://openalex.org/W6859937171","https://openalex.org/W7042912420"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3036314732","https://openalex.org/W3009669391","https://openalex.org/W4382894326","https://openalex.org/W3198183218","https://openalex.org/W3171943759","https://openalex.org/W3176864053","https://openalex.org/W4206669628","https://openalex.org/W4292098121","https://openalex.org/W3154141118","https://openalex.org/W4388896133"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0,110],"study":[1],"investigates":[2],"techniques":[3],"for":[4,31,90,107],"medical":[5,47,74,81],"image":[6,48,124],"classification,":[7],"specifically":[8],"focusing":[9],"on":[10,22],"COVID-19":[11,123],"scans":[12],"obtained":[13],"through":[14],"computer":[15],"tomography":[16],"(CT).":[17],"Firstly,":[18],"handcrafted":[19],"methods":[20],"based":[21],"feature":[23],"engineering":[24],"are":[25],"explored":[26],"due":[27],"to":[28,86],"their":[29],"suitability":[30],"training":[32,91],"traditional":[33],"machine":[34],"learning":[35,64],"(TML)":[36],"classifiers":[37],"(e.g.,":[38],"Support":[39],"Vector":[40],"Machine":[41],"(SVM))":[42],"when":[43],"faced":[44],"with":[45],"limited":[46],"datasets.":[49],"In":[50],"this":[51],"context,":[52],"I":[53,97],"comprehensively":[54],"evaluate":[55],"and":[56,70,73,119],"compare":[57],"27":[58],"descriptor":[59],"sets.":[60],"More":[61],"recently,":[62],"deep":[63,99],"(DL)":[65],"models":[66,93,106],"have":[67],"successfully":[68],"analyzed":[69],"classified":[71],"natural":[72],"images.":[75],"However,":[76],"the":[77],"scarcity":[78],"of":[79],"well-annotated":[80],"images,":[82],"particularly":[83],"those":[84],"related":[85],"COVID-19,":[87],"presents":[88,112],"challenges":[89],"DL":[92,105,120],"from":[94,102],"scratch.":[95],"Consequently,":[96],"leverage":[98],"features":[100],"extracted":[101],"12":[103],"pre-trained":[104],"classification":[108],"tasks.":[109],"work":[111],"a":[113],"comprehensive":[114],"comparative":[115],"analysis":[116],"between":[117],"TML":[118],"approaches":[121],"in":[122],"classification.":[125]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2025-12-26T23:08:49.675405","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
