{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4389310748","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computation11120244","title":"Design and Implementation of a Camera-Based Tracking System for MAV Using Deep Learning Algorithms","display_name":"Design and Implementation of a Camera-Based Tracking System for MAV Using Deep Learning Algorithms","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-12-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4389310748","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computation11120244"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/computation11120244","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/computation11120244","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2079-3197/11/12/244/pdf?version=1701676576","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2738402919","display_name":"Computation","issn_l":"2079-3197","issn":["2079-3197"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computation","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2079-3197/11/12/244/pdf?version=1701676576","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046709337","display_name":"Stefan Hensel","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9653-444X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I913140155","display_name":"Offenburg University of Applied Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/03zh5eq96","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I913140155"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stefan Hensel","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department for Electrical Engineering, University of Applied Sciences Offenburg, 77652 Offenburg, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9653-444X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department for Electrical Engineering, University of Applied Sciences Offenburg, 77652 Offenburg, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I913140155"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090421015","display_name":"Marin B. Marinov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6784-1056"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I31151848","display_name":"Technical University of Sofia","ror":"https://ror.org/052prhs50","country_code":"BG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I31151848"]}],"countries":["BG"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Marin B. Marinov","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronics, Technical University of Sofia, 1756 Sofia, Bulgaria"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6784-1056","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics, Technical University of Sofia, 1756 Sofia, Bulgaria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I31151848"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5093414921","display_name":"Raphael Panter","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I913140155","display_name":"Offenburg University of Applied Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/03zh5eq96","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I913140155"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Raphael Panter","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department for Electrical Engineering, University of Applied Sciences Offenburg, 77652 Offenburg, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department for Electrical Engineering, University of Applied Sciences Offenburg, 77652 Offenburg, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I913140155"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5090421015"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I31151848"],"apc_list":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"apc_paid":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"fwci":0.3532,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.60905484,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":"12","first_page":"244","last_page":"244"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10331","display_name":"Video Surveillance and Tracking Methods","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10331","display_name":"Video Surveillance and Tracking Methods","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11133","display_name":"UAV Applications and Optimization","score":0.9937999844551086,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10191","display_name":"Robotics and Sensor-Based Localization","score":0.9929999709129333,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7142527103424072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adaptability","display_name":"Adaptability","score":0.6553834080696106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/drone","display_name":"Drone","score":0.6284011602401733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6086781024932861},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object-detection","display_name":"Object detection","score":0.599371075630188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tracking-system","display_name":"Tracking system","score":0.5238958597183228},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-deployment","display_name":"Software deployment","score":0.5111413598060608},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.48800602555274963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/detector","display_name":"Detector","score":0.46758079528808594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.4655739963054657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.4409518539905548},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.178409606218338},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kalman-filter","display_name":"Kalman filter","score":0.10767489671707153}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7142527103424072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177606310","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5674297","display_name":"Adaptability","level":2,"score":0.6553834080696106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59519942","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q650665","display_name":"Drone","level":2,"score":0.6284011602401733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6086781024932861},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776151529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3045304","display_name":"Object detection","level":3,"score":0.599371075630188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154586513","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4420972","display_name":"Tracking system","level":3,"score":0.5238958597183228},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105339364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2297740","display_name":"Software deployment","level":2,"score":0.5111413598060608},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.48800602555274963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94915269","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1834857","display_name":"Detector","level":2,"score":0.46758079528808594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.4655739963054657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.4409518539905548},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.178409606218338},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157286648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q846780","display_name":"Kalman filter","level":2,"score":0.10767489671707153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54355233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162","display_name":"Genetics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/computation11120244","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/computation11120244","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2079-3197/11/12/244/pdf?version=1701676576","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2738402919","display_name":"Computation","issn_l":"2079-3197","issn":["2079-3197"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computation","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:opus.hs-offenburg.de:8283","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:bsz:ofb1-opus4-82838","pdf_url":"https://opus.hs-offenburg.de/files/8283/computation-11-00244.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196587","display_name":"Opus-HSO (Offenburg University of Applied Sciences)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I913140155","host_organization_name":"Offenburg University of Applied Sciences","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I913140155"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"doc-type:article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:71a4c868e56448808a703c0a4d3b9212","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/71a4c868e56448808a703c0a4d3b9212","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Computation, Vol 11, Iss 12, p 244 (2023)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2079-3197/11/12/244/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computation11120244","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Computation","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/computation11120244","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/computation11120244","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2079-3197/11/12/244/pdf?version=1701676576","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2738402919","display_name":"Computation","issn_l":"2079-3197","issn":["2079-3197"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computation","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320329128","display_name":"Technical University of Sofia","ror":"https://ror.org/052prhs50"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4389310748.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":40,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1536680647","https://openalex.org/W2109255472","https://openalex.org/W2164598857","https://openalex.org/W2252355370","https://openalex.org/W2603203130","https://openalex.org/W2764034829","https://openalex.org/W2782522152","https://openalex.org/W2884367402","https://openalex.org/W2957927798","https://openalex.org/W2963037989","https://openalex.org/W2968535582","https://openalex.org/W2972006294","https://openalex.org/W2989729185","https://openalex.org/W3031909544","https://openalex.org/W3088911150","https://openalex.org/W3104218139","https://openalex.org/W3118212025","https://openalex.org/W3133882559","https://openalex.org/W3154571917","https://openalex.org/W3195997474","https://openalex.org/W3198929032","https://openalex.org/W3199518238","https://openalex.org/W3201272818","https://openalex.org/W3210997334","https://openalex.org/W3216389654","https://openalex.org/W4200257181","https://openalex.org/W4210257669","https://openalex.org/W4210775981","https://openalex.org/W4280547046","https://openalex.org/W4281391734","https://openalex.org/W4289653753","https://openalex.org/W4319866011","https://openalex.org/W4320002812","https://openalex.org/W4383113433","https://openalex.org/W4385299321","https://openalex.org/W4387697821","https://openalex.org/W6678301852","https://openalex.org/W6683411478","https://openalex.org/W6800641243","https://openalex.org/W6894251830"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4229448053","https://openalex.org/W2059768187","https://openalex.org/W4247925126","https://openalex.org/W4312858960","https://openalex.org/W4386036939","https://openalex.org/W4327774218","https://openalex.org/W3206445629","https://openalex.org/W2605096541","https://openalex.org/W3200286695","https://openalex.org/W2357124094"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"recent":[1],"years,":[2],"the":[3,30,74,77,99,116,121,134,153,155,160,177,202,219,229,233],"advancement":[4],"of":[5,32,45,55,76,95,123,193,204,211,223,241],"micro-aerial":[6],"vehicles":[7],"has":[8],"been":[9],"rapid,":[10],"leading":[11],"to":[12,20,49,142,163,175],"their":[13,21,96],"widespread":[14],"utilization":[15,75],"across":[16],"various":[17],"domains":[18],"due":[19],"adaptability":[22],"and":[23,58,68,80,92,115,148,179,184,190,196,208,213,228,238],"efficiency.":[24],"This":[25],"research":[26],"paper":[27],"focuses":[28],"on":[29,61],"development":[31],"a":[33,52,62,106,182,197],"camera-based":[34],"tracking":[35,117],"system":[36,53,136,156,180,220,235],"specifically":[37],"designed":[38],"for":[39,111,146],"low-cost":[40],"drones.":[41],"The":[42,215,245],"primary":[43],"objective":[44],"this":[46,84],"study":[47],"is":[48,103,118,137,157,221,257],"build":[50],"up":[51],"capable":[54,222],"detecting":[56],"objects":[57],"locating":[59],"them":[60],"map":[63],"in":[64,159,225,255],"real":[65,161,226],"time.":[66],"Detection":[67],"positioning":[69],"are":[70,90],"achieved":[71],"solely":[72],"through":[73,252],"drone\u2019s":[78],"camera":[79],"sensors.":[81],"To":[82,150],"accomplish":[83],"goal,":[85],"several":[86],"deep":[87,124],"learning":[88],"algorithms":[89,178],"assessed":[91],"adopted":[93],"because":[94],"suitability":[97],"with":[98,128,187,259],"system.":[100],"Object":[101],"detection":[102,147],"based":[104,119],"upon":[105,120],"single-shot":[107],"detector":[108],"architecture":[109],"chosen":[110,174],"maximum":[112],"computation":[113],"speed,":[114],"combination":[122],"neural-network-based":[125],"features":[126],"combined":[127],"an":[129],"efficient":[130],"sorting":[131],"strategy.":[132],"Subsequently,":[133],"developed":[135],"evaluated":[138],"using":[139],"diverse":[140],"metrics":[141],"determine":[143],"its":[144,165],"performance":[145],"tracking.":[149],"further":[151],"validate":[152],"approach,":[154],"employed":[158],"world":[162],"show":[164],"possible":[166],"deployment.":[167],"For":[168],"this,":[169],"two":[170],"distinct":[171],"scenarios":[172],"were":[173],"adjust":[176],"setup:":[181],"search":[183],"rescue":[185],"scenario":[186],"user":[188],"interaction":[189],"precise":[191,237],"geolocalization":[192],"missing":[194],"objects,":[195],"livestock":[198],"control":[199],"scenario,":[200],"showing":[201],"capability":[203],"surveying":[205],"individual":[206],"members":[207],"keeping":[209],"track":[210],"number":[212],"area.":[214],"results":[216],"demonstrate":[217],"that":[218,232,249],"operating":[224],"time,":[227],"evaluation":[230],"verifies":[231],"implemented":[234],"enables":[236],"reliable":[239],"determination":[240],"detected":[242],"object":[243,250],"positions.":[244],"ablation":[246],"studies":[247],"prove":[248],"identification":[251],"small":[253],"variations":[254],"phenotypes":[256],"feasible":[258],"our":[260],"approach.":[261]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}