{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4293659700","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computation10090147","title":"Numerical Computation-Based Position Estimation for QR Code Object Marker: Mathematical Model and Simulation","display_name":"Numerical Computation-Based Position Estimation for QR Code Object Marker: Mathematical Model and Simulation","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-08-26","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4293659700","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computation10090147"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/computation10090147","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computation10090147","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2079-3197/10/9/147/pdf?version=1663032589","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2738402919","display_name":"Computation","issn_l":"2079-3197","issn":["2079-3197"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computation","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2079-3197/10/9/147/pdf?version=1663032589","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089516847","display_name":"Mooi Khee Teoh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1093-8089"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161371597","display_name":"Universiti of Malaysia Sabah","ror":"https://ror.org/040v70252","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161371597"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mooi Khee Teoh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Biomechatronics Research Laboratory, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Malaysia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Biomechatronics Research Laboratory, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161371597"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064338477","display_name":"Kenneth T. K. Teo","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161371597","display_name":"Universiti of Malaysia Sabah","ror":"https://ror.org/040v70252","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161371597"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kenneth T. K. Teo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Modelling, Simulation and Computing Laboratory, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Malaysia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Modelling, Simulation and Computing Laboratory, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161371597"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048125075","display_name":"Hou Pin Yoong","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161371597","display_name":"Universiti of Malaysia Sabah","ror":"https://ror.org/040v70252","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161371597"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Hou Pin Yoong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Biomechatronics Research Laboratory, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Malaysia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Biomechatronics Research Laboratory, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161371597"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5048125075"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161371597"],"apc_list":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"apc_paid":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"fwci":1.8477,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.86798702,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"10","issue":"9","first_page":"147","last_page":"147"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10191","display_name":"Robotics and Sensor-Based Localization","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10191","display_name":"Robotics and Sensor-Based Localization","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10627","display_name":"Advanced Image and Video Retrieval Techniques","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10888","display_name":"Augmented Reality Applications","score":0.9969000220298767,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/position","display_name":"Position (finance)","score":0.6231762170791626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/orientation","display_name":"Orientation (vector space)","score":0.611335039138794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5796746015548706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code","display_name":"Code (set theory)","score":0.5503590703010559},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rotation","display_name":"Rotation (mathematics)","score":0.5207498073577881},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.5182095170021057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.503863513469696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rotation-matrix","display_name":"Rotation matrix","score":0.44873788952827454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4484173059463501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cartesian-coordinate-system","display_name":"Cartesian coordinate system","score":0.43361231684684753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.2790786027908325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geometry","display_name":"Geometry","score":0.23697185516357422}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198082294","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3399648","display_name":"Position (finance)","level":2,"score":0.6231762170791626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C16345878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q107472979","display_name":"Orientation (vector space)","level":2,"score":0.611335039138794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5796746015548706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776760102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990","display_name":"Code (set theory)","level":3,"score":0.5503590703010559},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74050887","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q848368","display_name":"Rotation (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.5207498073577881},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.5182095170021057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.503863513469696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83633838","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1256564","display_name":"Rotation matrix","level":2,"score":0.44873788952827454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4484173059463501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C16038011","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q62912","display_name":"Cartesian coordinate system","level":2,"score":0.43361231684684753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.2790786027908325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.23697185516357422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/computation10090147","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computation10090147","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2079-3197/10/9/147/pdf?version=1663032589","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2738402919","display_name":"Computation","issn_l":"2079-3197","issn":["2079-3197"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computation","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:dc44251162c7433e99cda13823168fc0","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/dc44251162c7433e99cda13823168fc0","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Computation, Vol 10, Iss 9, p 147 (2022)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2079-3197/10/9/147/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/computation10090147","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Computation; Volume 10; Issue 9; Pages: 147","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/computation10090147","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/computation10090147","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2079-3197/10/9/147/pdf?version=1663032589","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2738402919","display_name":"Computation","issn_l":"2079-3197","issn":["2079-3197"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computation","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4368209929","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"SDK0216-2020","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323704","funder_display_name":"Universiti Malaysia Sabah"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323704","display_name":"Universiti Malaysia Sabah","ror":"https://ror.org/040v70252"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4293659700.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4293659700.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":25,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W9783058","https://openalex.org/W2015133598","https://openalex.org/W2070679263","https://openalex.org/W2129818002","https://openalex.org/W2290604533","https://openalex.org/W2523593401","https://openalex.org/W2590126036","https://openalex.org/W2751345928","https://openalex.org/W2768004308","https://openalex.org/W2783449659","https://openalex.org/W2793270877","https://openalex.org/W2913536865","https://openalex.org/W2919309366","https://openalex.org/W3040547430","https://openalex.org/W3042202142","https://openalex.org/W3095487063","https://openalex.org/W3118912869","https://openalex.org/W3124409198","https://openalex.org/W3143686981","https://openalex.org/W3209503314","https://openalex.org/W4223555502","https://openalex.org/W4232302285","https://openalex.org/W4281971759","https://openalex.org/W6760255506","https://openalex.org/W6802767236"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2244279624","https://openalex.org/W1989890335","https://openalex.org/W2091132606","https://openalex.org/W2810835355","https://openalex.org/W2492925340","https://openalex.org/W4205918494","https://openalex.org/W2379057772","https://openalex.org/W2141209048","https://openalex.org/W3128850401","https://openalex.org/W1992266242"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Providing":[0],"position":[1,36,180],"and":[2,21,37,80,107,163,181,207,237,251],"orientation":[3,38,182],"estimations":[4],"from":[5,56],"a":[6,28,40,92,152,202,210,225,247],"two-dimensional":[7],"(2D)":[8],"image":[9,156],"is":[10,240],"challenging,":[11],"as":[12,66,254],"such":[13],"images":[14],"lack":[15],"depth":[16],"information":[17,52],"between":[18],"the":[19,22,35,57,61,72,76,86,96,113,119,127,133,137,143,158,164,173,179,184,220,234,238,255],"target":[20],"automation":[23],"system.":[24],"This":[25,69],"paper":[26],"proposes":[27],"numerical-based":[29,100],"monocular":[30,248],"positioning":[31,67,139],"method":[32,70,239],"to":[33,84,95,141],"determine":[34],"of":[39,75,183,219,243],"single":[41,153],"quick":[42],"response":[43],"(QR)":[44],"code":[45,115,129,155,187,253],"object":[46],"marker.":[47],"The":[48,99,168,228],"three-dimensional":[49],"(3D)":[50],"positional":[51],"can":[53,177,197],"be":[54],"extracted":[55],"underdetermined":[58],"system":[59,250],"using":[60,151,233,246],"QR":[62,87,114,128,154,160,186,252],"code\u2019s":[63,88,161],"four":[64],"vertices":[65],"points.":[68],"uses":[71],"fundamental":[73],"principles":[74],"pinhole":[77],"imaging":[78],"theory":[79],"similar":[81],"triangular":[82],"rules":[83,110],"correspond":[85],"corner":[89],"points":[90],"in":[91],"3D":[93],"environment":[94],"2D":[97],"image.":[98],"model":[101,140,176],"developed":[102],"with":[103,157,192],"suitable":[104],"guessing":[105],"parameters":[106],"correct":[108],"updating":[109],"successfully":[111],"determines":[112,126],"marker\u2019s":[116,130],"position.":[117],"At":[118],"same":[120],"time,":[121],"an":[122],"inversed":[123],"rotation":[124,145],"matrix":[125],"orientation.":[131],"Then,":[132],"MATLAB":[134],"platform":[135],"simulates":[136],"proposed":[138,174],"identify":[142],"maximum":[144],"angles":[146],"detectable":[147],"at":[148],"various":[149],"locations":[150],"known":[159],"size":[162],"camera\u2019s":[165],"focal":[166],"length.":[167],"simulation":[169,229],"results":[170,230],"show":[171],"that":[172],"numerical":[175],"measure":[178],"tilted":[185],"marker":[188],"within":[189],"30":[190],"iterations":[191],"great":[193],"accuracy.":[194],"Additionally,":[195],"it":[196],"achieve":[198],"no":[199],"more":[200,216],"than":[201,209,217],"two-degree":[203],"angle":[204],"calculation":[205],"error":[206],"less":[208],"five":[211],"millimeter":[212],"distance":[213],"difference.":[214],"Overall,":[215],"77.28%":[218],"coordinate":[221],"plane":[222],"simulated":[223],"shows":[224],"converged":[226],"result.":[227],"are":[231],"verified":[232],"input":[235],"value,":[236],"also":[241],"capable":[242],"experimental":[244],"verification":[245],"camera":[249],"landmark.":[256]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
