{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4417365015","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/bdcc9120323","title":"Influence Mechanism of Rock Compressive Mechanical Properties Under Freeze-Thaw Cycles: Insights from Machine Learning","display_name":"Influence Mechanism of Rock Compressive Mechanical Properties Under Freeze-Thaw Cycles: Insights from Machine Learning","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-12-16","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4417365015","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/bdcc9120323"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/bdcc9120323","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/bdcc9120323","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2504-2289/9/12/323/pdf?version=1765885626","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210238752","display_name":"Big Data and Cognitive Computing","issn_l":"2504-2289","issn":["2504-2289"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Big Data and Cognitive Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2504-2289/9/12/323/pdf?version=1765885626","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081062557","display_name":"Shuai Gao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4069-4361"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210143016","display_name":"Changchun Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03r6wam78","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210143016"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shuai Gao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Jilin Emergency Management College, Changchun Institute of Technology, Changchun 130012, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Jilin Emergency Management College, Changchun Institute of Technology, Changchun 130012, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210143016"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082254225","display_name":"Zhongyuan Gu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210143016","display_name":"Changchun Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03r6wam78","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210143016"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Zhongyuan Gu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Jilin Emergency Management College, Changchun Institute of Technology, Changchun 130012, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Jilin Emergency Management College, Changchun Institute of Technology, Changchun 130012, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210143016"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000830532","display_name":"Xin Xiong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6404-8247"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139660479","display_name":"Central South University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f1zfq44","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139660479"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xin Xiong","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Resources and Safety Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Resources and Safety Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139660479"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042636824","display_name":"Cejun Wang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210143016","display_name":"Changchun Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03r6wam78","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210143016"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chengnian Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Jilin Emergency Management College, Changchun Institute of Technology, Changchun 130012, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Jilin Emergency Management College, Changchun Institute of Technology, Changchun 130012, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210143016"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5082254225"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210143016"],"apc_list":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"apc_paid":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"fwci":1.4281,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.85792834,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":"12","first_page":"323","last_page":"323"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11333","display_name":"Climate change and permafrost","score":0.9283000230789185,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11333","display_name":"Climate change and permafrost","score":0.9283000230789185,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10161","display_name":"Rock Mechanics and Modeling","score":0.0333000011742115,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2211","display_name":"Mechanics of Materials"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11225","display_name":"Geothermal Energy Systems and Applications","score":0.007699999958276749,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2105","display_name":"Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/21","display_name":"Energy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/particle-swarm-optimization","display_name":"Particle swarm optimization","score":0.7249000072479248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/compressive-strength","display_name":"Compressive strength","score":0.6087999939918518},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stability","display_name":"Stability (learning theory)","score":0.5652999877929688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/random-forest","display_name":"Random forest","score":0.4496000111103058},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mechanism","display_name":"Mechanism (biology)","score":0.3452000021934509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mean-squared-error","display_name":"Mean squared error","score":0.3253999948501587}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C85617194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2072794","display_name":"Particle swarm optimization","level":2,"score":0.7249000072479248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C30407753","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186191","display_name":"Compressive strength","level":2,"score":0.6087999939918518},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112972136","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7595718","display_name":"Stability (learning theory)","level":2,"score":0.5652999877929688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.4975999891757965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4875999987125397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169258074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245748","display_name":"Random forest","level":2,"score":0.4496000111103058},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.39890000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187320778","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1349130","display_name":"Geotechnical engineering","level":1,"score":0.3903000056743622},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.35269999504089355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.3499999940395355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89611455","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6804646","display_name":"Mechanism (biology)","level":2,"score":0.3452000021934509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.34060001373291016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139945424","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1940696","display_name":"Mean squared error","level":2,"score":0.3253999948501587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35515768","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q336894","display_name":"Particle velocity","level":2,"score":0.28029999136924744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45804977","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7239673","display_name":"Predictive modelling","level":2,"score":0.2800999879837036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182365436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q50701","display_name":"Variable (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.26809999346733093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62469222","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17092103","display_name":"Hybrid algorithm (constraint satisfaction)","level":5,"score":0.26249998807907104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6648577","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q622669","display_name":"Porosity","level":2,"score":0.2565000057220459}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/bdcc9120323","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/bdcc9120323","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2504-2289/9/12/323/pdf?version=1765885626","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210238752","display_name":"Big Data and Cognitive Computing","issn_l":"2504-2289","issn":["2504-2289"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Big Data and Cognitive Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:3f56e62e4d12466c96c19d48b481bf00","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/3f56e62e4d12466c96c19d48b481bf00","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Big Data and Cognitive Computing, Vol 9, Iss 12, p 323 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/bdcc9120323","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/bdcc9120323","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2504-2289/9/12/323/pdf?version=1765885626","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210238752","display_name":"Big Data and Cognitive Computing","issn_l":"2504-2289","issn":["2504-2289"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Big Data and Cognitive Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4417365015.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4417365015.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":42,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1466422327","https://openalex.org/W2007810111","https://openalex.org/W2085491701","https://openalex.org/W2229712789","https://openalex.org/W2284388996","https://openalex.org/W2295598076","https://openalex.org/W2804231978","https://openalex.org/W2946705305","https://openalex.org/W3012807134","https://openalex.org/W3041093658","https://openalex.org/W3049586794","https://openalex.org/W3081777934","https://openalex.org/W3118922299","https://openalex.org/W3120523795","https://openalex.org/W3147191068","https://openalex.org/W3159861949","https://openalex.org/W3169468353","https://openalex.org/W3185873192","https://openalex.org/W3203496616","https://openalex.org/W3204138957","https://openalex.org/W3207582944","https://openalex.org/W3210031837","https://openalex.org/W3216207645","https://openalex.org/W4200511669","https://openalex.org/W4220728792","https://openalex.org/W4226178925","https://openalex.org/W4306319582","https://openalex.org/W4311148401","https://openalex.org/W4323305531","https://openalex.org/W4360980991","https://openalex.org/W4389636822","https://openalex.org/W4389719898","https://openalex.org/W4390024646","https://openalex.org/W4390499994","https://openalex.org/W4390588308","https://openalex.org/W4391939572","https://openalex.org/W4392096137","https://openalex.org/W4401158965","https://openalex.org/W4402439374","https://openalex.org/W4405861396","https://openalex.org/W4409446770","https://openalex.org/W4413097579"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"plateau":[1],"and":[2,35,81,94,105,116,132,142],"high-altitude":[3],"areas,":[4],"freeze-thaw":[5,55,78],"cycles":[6,79],"often":[7,33],"alter":[8],"the":[9,18,45,50,101,109,143,156,164,192,200,216],"uniaxial":[10],"compressive":[11],"strength":[12],"(UCS)":[13],"of":[14,20,52,77,108,195,203,218],"rock,":[15],"thereby":[16,112],"impacting":[17],"stability":[19],"geotechnical":[21],"engineering.":[22],"Acquiring":[23],"rock":[24,53,67,70,220],"samples":[25],"in":[26,181],"these":[27],"areas":[28],"for":[29,214],"UCS":[30,51,201,217],"testing":[31],"is":[32,208],"time-consuming":[34],"labor-intensive.":[36],"This":[37,206],"study":[38,207],"developed":[39],"a":[40,58,128,133,212],"hybrid":[41,119,123,153],"model":[42,114,131,137,145,161],"based":[43],"on":[44],"XGBoost":[46,110,130,160],"algorithm":[47,166],"to":[48,99,127,138,190,199,210],"predict":[49],"under":[54],"conditions.":[56],"First,":[57],"database":[59],"was":[60,146],"created":[61],"containing":[62],"longitudinal":[63],"wave":[64],"velocity":[65],"(Vp),":[66],"porosity":[68],"(P),":[69],"density":[71],"(D),":[72],"freezing":[73],"temperature":[74],"(T),":[75],"number":[76],"(FTCs),":[80],"UCS.":[82,183],"Four":[83],"swarm":[84,92],"intelligence":[85],"optimization":[86],"algorithms\u2014artificial":[87],"bee":[88],"colony,":[89],"Newton\u2013Raphson,":[90],"particle":[91],"optimization,":[93],"dung":[95],"beetle":[96],"optimization\u2014were":[97],"used":[98,189],"optimize":[100],"maximum":[102],"iterations,":[103],"depth,":[104],"learning":[106],"rate":[107],"model,":[111],"enhancing":[113],"accuracy":[115],"developing":[117],"four":[118,122],"models.":[120,158],"The":[121,148,159],"models":[124,154],"were":[125,188],"compared":[126],"single":[129,157],"random":[134],"forest":[135],"(RF)":[136],"evaluate":[139],"overall":[140],"performance,":[141],"optimal":[144],"selected.":[147],"results":[149],"demonstrate":[150],"that":[151],"all":[152],"outperform":[155],"optimized":[162],"by":[163],"sparrow":[165],"(R2":[167],"=":[168,171,174,177],"0.94,":[169],"RMSE":[170],"10.10,":[172],"MAPE":[173],"0.095,":[175],"MAE":[176],"7.22)":[178],"performed":[179],"best":[180],"predicting":[182,215],"SHapley":[184],"Additive":[185],"exPlanations":[186],"(SHAP)":[187],"assess":[191],"marginal":[193],"contribution":[194],"each":[196],"input":[197],"variable":[198],"prediction":[202],"freeze-thawed":[204,219],"rock.":[205],"expected":[209],"provide":[211],"reference":[213],"using":[221],"machine":[222],"learning.":[223]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-10T14:07:55.174380","created_date":"2025-12-16T00:00:00"}