{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4416509740","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/bdcc9120298","title":"Metadata Suffices: Optimizer-Aware Fake Account Detection with Minimal Multimodal Input","display_name":"Metadata Suffices: Optimizer-Aware Fake Account Detection with Minimal Multimodal Input","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-11-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4416509740","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/bdcc9120298"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/bdcc9120298","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/bdcc9120298","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210238752","display_name":"Big Data and Cognitive Computing","issn_l":"2504-2289","issn":["2504-2289"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Big Data and Cognitive Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/bdcc9120298","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088236620","display_name":"Ziad Elgammal","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1983-8909"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3125470973","display_name":"Istanbul Medipol University","ror":"https://ror.org/037jwzz50","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3125470973"]}],"countries":["TR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ziad Elgammal","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Engineering, Istanbul Medipol University, 34810 Istanbul, Turkey"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering, Istanbul Medipol University, 34810 Istanbul, Turkey","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3125470973"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048247046","display_name":"Khaled Walid Elgammal","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3023-4636"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3125470973","display_name":"Istanbul Medipol University","ror":"https://ror.org/037jwzz50","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3125470973"]}],"countries":["TR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Khaled Elgammal","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Istanbul Medipol University, 34810 Istanbul, Turkey"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Istanbul Medipol University, 34810 Istanbul, Turkey","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3125470973"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066265052","display_name":"Reda Alhajj","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6657-9738"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177969490","display_name":"University of Southern Denmark","ror":"https://ror.org/03yrrjy16","country_code":"DK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177969490"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3125470973","display_name":"Istanbul Medipol University","ror":"https://ror.org/037jwzz50","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3125470973"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I168635309","display_name":"University of Calgary","ror":"https://ror.org/03yjb2x39","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168635309"]}],"countries":["CA","DK","TR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Reda Alhajj","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Engineering, Istanbul Medipol University, 34810 Istanbul, Turkey","Department of Computer Science, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada","Department of Health Informatics, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense, Denmark"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering, Istanbul Medipol University, 34810 Istanbul, Turkey","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3125470973"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168635309"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Health Informatics, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense, Denmark","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177969490"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5066265052","https://openalex.org/A5088236620"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168635309","https://openalex.org/I177969490","https://openalex.org/I3125470973"],"apc_list":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"apc_paid":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.50426421,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":"12","first_page":"298","last_page":"298"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11644","display_name":"Spam and Phishing Detection","score":0.9204000234603882,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11644","display_name":"Spam and Phishing Detection","score":0.9204000234603882,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11147","display_name":"Misinformation and Its Impacts","score":0.04230000078678131,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12519","display_name":"Cybercrime and Law Enforcement Studies","score":0.005200000014156103,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metadata","display_name":"Metadata","score":0.7073000073432922},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spamming","display_name":"Spamming","score":0.6766999959945679},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-media","display_name":"Social media","score":0.6690000295639038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scope","display_name":"Scope (computer science)","score":0.511900007724762},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fake-news","display_name":"Fake news","score":0.4616999924182892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inclusion","display_name":"Inclusion (mineral)","score":0.3873000144958496}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7581999897956848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93518851","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180160","display_name":"Metadata","level":2,"score":0.7073000073432922},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158955206","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83058","display_name":"Spamming","level":3,"score":0.6766999959945679},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C518677369","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q202833","display_name":"Social media","level":2,"score":0.6690000295639038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778012447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1034415","display_name":"Scope (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.511900007724762},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108827166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175975","display_name":"Internet privacy","level":1,"score":0.49219998717308044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.4645000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.4632999897003174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779756789","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28549308","display_name":"Fake news","level":2,"score":0.4616999924182892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109359841","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q728944","display_name":"Inclusion (mineral)","level":2,"score":0.3873000144958496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101293273","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q579716","display_name":"User-generated content","level":3,"score":0.3490000069141388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780428219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16952335","display_name":"Cover (algebra)","level":2,"score":0.33090001344680786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984870255","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5196451","display_name":"User engagement","level":2,"score":0.3206999897956848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9652623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.2913999855518341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778165684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6576792","display_name":"Online community","level":2,"score":0.274399995803833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17632256","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1076968","display_name":"Digital media","level":2,"score":0.25839999318122864}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/bdcc9120298","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/bdcc9120298","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210238752","display_name":"Big Data and Cognitive Computing","issn_l":"2504-2289","issn":["2504-2289"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Big Data and Cognitive Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:sdu.dk:openaire/bbe0c28c-fef3-435b-a0ae-32145a36deac","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://portal.findresearcher.sdu.dk/da/publications/bbe0c28c-fef3-435b-a0ae-32145a36deac","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400423","display_name":"University of Southern Denmark Research Portal (University of Southern Denmark)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I177969490","host_organization_name":"University of Southern Denmark","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177969490"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Elgammal, Z, Elgammal, K & Alhajj, R 2025, 'Metadata Suffices : Optimizer-Aware Fake Account Detection with Minimal Multimodal Input', Big Data and Cognitive Computing, vol. 9, no. 12, 298. https://doi.org/10.3390/bdcc9120298","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:3d59cd584b8d49bda2bb0e5f65b38d45","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/3d59cd584b8d49bda2bb0e5f65b38d45","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Big Data and Cognitive Computing, Vol 9, Iss 12, p 298 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/bdcc9120298","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/bdcc9120298","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210238752","display_name":"Big Data and Cognitive Computing","issn_l":"2504-2289","issn":["2504-2289"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Big Data and Cognitive Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":34,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1526831942","https://openalex.org/W1849719402","https://openalex.org/W1996802155","https://openalex.org/W1998871422","https://openalex.org/W2007790744","https://openalex.org/W2011366667","https://openalex.org/W2025440088","https://openalex.org/W2127935984","https://openalex.org/W2230089931","https://openalex.org/W2330219538","https://openalex.org/W2416333174","https://openalex.org/W2565439473","https://openalex.org/W2620703577","https://openalex.org/W2769471736","https://openalex.org/W2797657100","https://openalex.org/W2810193935","https://openalex.org/W2924664363","https://openalex.org/W2942231644","https://openalex.org/W2963806301","https://openalex.org/W2986868741","https://openalex.org/W2997788455","https://openalex.org/W3037316620","https://openalex.org/W3175498457","https://openalex.org/W3196835936","https://openalex.org/W4200182691","https://openalex.org/W4214627707","https://openalex.org/W4312181988","https://openalex.org/W4319874524","https://openalex.org/W4383823329","https://openalex.org/W4384828840","https://openalex.org/W4400120393","https://openalex.org/W4403187512","https://openalex.org/W4407386365","https://openalex.org/W4408992814"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Social":[0],"media":[1,204,248],"platforms":[2],"are":[3,127,140,200],"currently":[4],"confronted":[5],"with":[6,65,174],"a":[7,18,145],"substantial":[8],"problem":[9,33],"concerning":[10],"the":[11,32,48,59,66,168,181,189,223,230,236],"presence":[12],"of":[13,51,68,96,170,183,191,197,225],"fake":[14,37,52,75,102,121,162,184,215],"accounts,":[15,165],"which":[16],"pose":[17],"threat":[19],"by":[20,34],"spreading":[21],"harmful":[22,84],"content,":[23],"spam,":[24],"and":[25,38,77,90,114,120,129,134,142,163,207,217,238],"misinformation.":[26],"This":[27],"study":[28,199],"aims":[29],"to":[30,46,116,149,202,222,234,245],"address":[31],"differentiating":[35],"between":[36,118,161],"real":[39,164],"X":[40],"accounts":[41,53,76,216],"(formerly":[42],"Twitter).":[43],"The":[44,94,138,154,195,209],"need":[45],"mitigate":[47],"negative":[49],"impact":[50],"on":[54,101],"online":[55,92,226],"communities":[56],"serves":[57],"as":[58,82],"driving":[60],"force":[61],"for":[62,73],"this":[63,97,198],"work,":[64],"goal":[67],"developing":[69],"an":[70],"effective":[71],"method":[72],"identifying":[74],"their":[78,218],"fraudulent":[79,219],"activities,":[80,220],"such":[81],"posting":[83],"links,":[85],"engaging":[86],"in":[87,159],"spamming":[88],"behaviors,":[89],"disrupting":[91],"communities.":[93],"scope":[95],"work":[98],"focuses":[99],"specifically":[100],"Twitter":[103],"account":[104],"detection.":[105],"A":[106],"comprehensive":[107],"approach":[108],"is":[109,232],"taken,":[110],"leveraging":[111],"user":[112,175],"information":[113],"tweets":[115],"discern":[117],"genuine":[119],"accounts.":[122,185],"Various":[123],"deep":[124],"learning":[125],"architectures":[126],"proposed":[128],"implemented,":[130],"utilizing":[131],"different":[132],"optimizers":[133],"evaluating":[135],"performance":[136],"metrics.":[137],"models":[139],"trained":[141],"tested":[143],"using":[144],"collected":[146],"dataset,":[147],"augmented":[148],"cover":[150],"diverse":[151],"real-life":[152],"scenarios.":[153],"results":[155],"show":[156],"promising":[157],"progress":[158],"distinguishing":[160],"revealing":[166],"that":[167],"inclusion":[169],"tweet":[171],"content":[172],"along":[173],"metadata":[176],"does":[177],"not":[178],"significantly":[179],"improve":[180],"classification":[182],"It":[186],"also":[187],"highlights":[188],"importance":[190],"selecting":[192],"appropriate":[193],"optimizers.":[194],"implications":[196],"relevant":[201],"social":[203,247],"platforms,":[205],"users,":[206],"researchers.":[208],"findings":[210],"provide":[211],"insights":[212,239],"into":[213],"combating":[214],"contributing":[221],"enhancement":[224],"community":[227],"safety.":[228],"While":[229],"research":[231],"specific":[233],"Twitter,":[235],"methodology":[237],"gained":[240],"may":[241],"be":[242],"potentially":[243],"generalizable":[244],"other":[246],"platforms.":[249]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-03-07T16:01:11.037858","created_date":"2025-11-23T00:00:00"}