{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4414768944","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/bdcc9100252","title":"A Digital Twin Threat Survey","display_name":"A Digital Twin Threat Survey","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-10-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4414768944","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/bdcc9100252"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/bdcc9100252","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/bdcc9100252","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2504-2289/9/10/252/pdf?version=1759409961","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210238752","display_name":"Big Data and Cognitive Computing","issn_l":"2504-2289","issn":["2504-2289"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Big Data and Cognitive Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2504-2289/9/10/252/pdf?version=1759409961","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102963466","display_name":"Manuel Su\u00e1rez Su\u00e1rez","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-2569-6178"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I178450904","display_name":"Universidad Nacional de Educaci\u00f3n a Distancia","ror":"https://ror.org/02msb5n36","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I178450904"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210117526","display_name":"Unidades Centrales Cient\u00edfico-T\u00e9cnicas","ror":"https://ror.org/01wdt4y78","country_code":"ES","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801357902","https://openalex.org/I4210117526","https://openalex.org/I4387152914"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Manuel Su\u00e1rez-Rom\u00e1n","raw_affiliation_strings":["Instituto de Tecnolog\u00edas F\u00edsicas y de la Informaci\u00f3n, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas, 28006 Madrid, Spain","School of Engineering, Science and Technology, UNIE Universidad, Calle Arapiles, 14, 28015 Madrid, Spain"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Instituto de Tecnolog\u00edas F\u00edsicas y de la Informaci\u00f3n, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas, 28006 Madrid, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210117526"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering, Science and Technology, UNIE Universidad, Calle Arapiles, 14, 28015 Madrid, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I178450904"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035618872","display_name":"Mario Sanz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7201-1444"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I88060688","display_name":"Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid","ror":"https://ror.org/03n6nwv02","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I88060688"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mario Sanz-Rodrigo","raw_affiliation_strings":["ETSI Telecomunicaci\u00f3n, Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid (UPM), Avda. Complutense 30, 28040 Madrid, Spain","ETSI Telecomunicaci\u00f3n, Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid (UPM), Avda, Complutense 30, 28040 Madrid, Spain"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ETSI Telecomunicaci\u00f3n, Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid (UPM), Avda. Complutense 30, 28040 Madrid, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I88060688"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"ETSI Telecomunicaci\u00f3n, Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid (UPM), Avda, Complutense 30, 28040 Madrid, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I88060688"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001278331","display_name":"Andr\u00e9s Mar\u00edn","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9350-0669"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I88060688","display_name":"Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid","ror":"https://ror.org/03n6nwv02","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I88060688"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andr\u00e9s Mar\u00edn-L\u00f3pez","raw_affiliation_strings":["ETSI Telecomunicaci\u00f3n, Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid (UPM), Avda. Complutense 30, 28040 Madrid, Spain","ETSI Telecomunicaci\u00f3n, Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid (UPM), Avda, Complutense 30, 28040 Madrid, Spain"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ETSI Telecomunicaci\u00f3n, Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid (UPM), Avda. Complutense 30, 28040 Madrid, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I88060688"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"ETSI Telecomunicaci\u00f3n, Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid (UPM), Avda, Complutense 30, 28040 Madrid, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I88060688"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010107697","display_name":"David Arroyo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8894-9779"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210117526","display_name":"Unidades Centrales Cient\u00edfico-T\u00e9cnicas","ror":"https://ror.org/01wdt4y78","country_code":"ES","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801357902","https://openalex.org/I4210117526","https://openalex.org/I4387152914"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"David Arroyo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Instituto de Tecnolog\u00edas F\u00edsicas y de la Informaci\u00f3n, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas, 28006 Madrid, Spain"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Instituto de Tecnolog\u00edas F\u00edsicas y de la Informaci\u00f3n, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas, 28006 Madrid, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210117526"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5010107697"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210117526"],"apc_list":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"apc_paid":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"fwci":1.1874,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.84739808,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":"10","first_page":"252","last_page":"252"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10763","display_name":"Digital Transformation in Industry","score":0.875,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10763","display_name":"Digital Transformation in Industry","score":0.875,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10734","display_name":"Information and Cyber Security","score":0.7882999777793884,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/liveness","display_name":"Liveness","score":0.725600004196167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reliability","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","score":0.6205999851226807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/replica","display_name":"Replica","score":0.5777999758720398},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.5235999822616577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control","display_name":"Control (management)","score":0.4341000020503998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/value","display_name":"Value (mathematics)","score":0.42969998717308044}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15569618","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3561421","display_name":"Liveness","level":2,"score":0.725600004196167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43214815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310987","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","level":3,"score":0.6205999851226807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.593500018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.5903000235557556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775937380","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1232589","display_name":"Replica","level":2,"score":0.5777999758720398},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.5235999822616577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.4341000020503998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776291640","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2912517","display_name":"Value (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.42969998717308044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140547941","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7797194","display_name":"Threat model","level":2,"score":0.29510000348091125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24590314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q336038","display_name":"Wireless sensor network","level":2,"score":0.2768999934196472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778864079","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173285","display_name":"Digital data","level":3,"score":0.27639999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.25690001249313354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112930515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4389547","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","level":1,"score":0.25609999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12426560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189569","display_name":"Basis (linear algebra)","level":2,"score":0.25220000743865967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33762810","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q461671","display_name":"Data integrity","level":2,"score":0.25119999051094055}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/bdcc9100252","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/bdcc9100252","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2504-2289/9/10/252/pdf?version=1759409961","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210238752","display_name":"Big Data and Cognitive Computing","issn_l":"2504-2289","issn":["2504-2289"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Big Data and Cognitive Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:digital.csic.es:10261/401690","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10261/401690","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400616","display_name":"DIGITAL.CSIC (Spanish National Research Council (CSIC))","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I134820265","host_organization_name":"Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I134820265"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:4c57724a95cd426ab0a95f8baf046dd1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/4c57724a95cd426ab0a95f8baf046dd1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Big Data and Cognitive Computing, Vol 9, Iss 10, p 252 (2025)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:oa.upm.es:94916","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://oa.upm.es/94916/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196323","display_name":"UPM Digital Archive (Technical University of Madrid)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I88060688","host_organization_name":"Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I88060688"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Big Data and Cognitive Computing, ISSN 2504-2289, 2025-10-02, Vol. 9, No. 10","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersion"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/bdcc9100252","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/bdcc9100252","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2504-2289/9/10/252/pdf?version=1759409961","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210238752","display_name":"Big Data and Cognitive Computing","issn_l":"2504-2289","issn":["2504-2289"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Big Data and Cognitive Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1033831065","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"MIG-20221061","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321043","funder_display_name":"Centro para el Desarrollo Tecnol\u00f3gico Industrial"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3911141858","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"TEC-2024/COM-404","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320313831","funder_display_name":"Comunidad de Madrid"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320313831","display_name":"Comunidad de Madrid","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321043","display_name":"Centro para el Desarrollo Tecnol\u00f3gico Industrial","ror":"https://ror.org/0124x7055"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4414768944.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4414768944.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":63,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1991766488","https://openalex.org/W1997761579","https://openalex.org/W2082323379","https://openalex.org/W2091230023","https://openalex.org/W2164824840","https://openalex.org/W2401503174","https://openalex.org/W2540595871","https://openalex.org/W2734401556","https://openalex.org/W2751179444","https://openalex.org/W2787249933","https://openalex.org/W2805525585","https://openalex.org/W2810614671","https://openalex.org/W2897864851","https://openalex.org/W2902710430","https://openalex.org/W2904307031","https://openalex.org/W2910597635","https://openalex.org/W2912589244","https://openalex.org/W2943220429","https://openalex.org/W2945357379","https://openalex.org/W2963391656","https://openalex.org/W2963520010","https://openalex.org/W2969468102","https://openalex.org/W2972160586","https://openalex.org/W2972482509","https://openalex.org/W2982936646","https://openalex.org/W2998750075","https://openalex.org/W3021461858","https://openalex.org/W3033466330","https://openalex.org/W3036600965","https://openalex.org/W3042975022","https://openalex.org/W3043269923","https://openalex.org/W3094866229","https://openalex.org/W3113152109","https://openalex.org/W3126686235","https://openalex.org/W3128183651","https://openalex.org/W3136636480","https://openalex.org/W3141837029","https://openalex.org/W3159371311","https://openalex.org/W3164087269","https://openalex.org/W3179479348","https://openalex.org/W3197590819","https://openalex.org/W3212079419","https://openalex.org/W4206364378","https://openalex.org/W4210446628","https://openalex.org/W4214680449","https://openalex.org/W4225657853","https://openalex.org/W4252476960","https://openalex.org/W4253314500","https://openalex.org/W4282836908","https://openalex.org/W4289821170","https://openalex.org/W4307926598","https://openalex.org/W4313227190","https://openalex.org/W4318827691","https://openalex.org/W4319601582","https://openalex.org/W4386371400","https://openalex.org/W4388206442","https://openalex.org/W4391489926","https://openalex.org/W4391605685","https://openalex.org/W4391998530","https://openalex.org/W4392017487","https://openalex.org/W4404182963","https://openalex.org/W4407128503","https://openalex.org/W4410777833"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Virtual":[0],"and":[1,12,23,49,82],"digital":[2,30],"twins":[3],"are":[4],"means":[5,44],"of":[6,28,39,45,64,76],"high":[7],"value":[8],"to":[9,35,61,78],"characterize,":[10],"model":[11],"control":[13],"physical":[14,41],"systems,":[15],"providing":[16],"the":[17,26,59,62,65],"basis":[18],"for":[19],"a":[20,29,37,40,74],"simulation":[21],"environment":[22,42],"lab.":[24],"In":[25,52],"case":[27],"twin,":[31],"it":[32],"is":[33],"possible":[34],"have":[36],"replica":[38],"by":[43],"reliable":[46],"sensor":[47,70],"networks":[48],"accurate":[50],"data.":[51],"this":[53],"paper":[54],"we":[55],"analyse":[56],"in":[57],"detail":[58],"threats":[60],"reliability":[63],"information":[66],"extracted":[67],"from":[68],"these":[69],"networks,":[71],"along":[72],"with":[73],"set":[75],"challenges":[77],"guarantee":[79],"data":[80],"liveness":[81],"trustworthiness.":[83]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-09T08:11:56.329763","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}