{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4411157788","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/bdcc9060153","title":"Real-Time Algal Monitoring Using Novel Machine Learning Approaches","display_name":"Real-Time Algal Monitoring Using Novel Machine Learning Approaches","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-06-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4411157788","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/bdcc9060153"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/bdcc9060153","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/bdcc9060153","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2504-2289/9/6/153/pdf?version=1749450522","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210238752","display_name":"Big Data and Cognitive Computing","issn_l":"2504-2289","issn":["2504-2289"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Big Data and Cognitive Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2504-2289/9/6/153/pdf?version=1749450522","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004043143","display_name":"Seyit U\u011fuz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3994-8099"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177156846","display_name":"South Dakota State University","ror":"https://ror.org/015jmes13","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177156846"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799303410","display_name":"Yozgat Bozok \u00dcniversitesi","ror":"https://ror.org/04qvdf239","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799303410"]}],"countries":["TR","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Seyit Uguz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Biosystems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering-Architecture, Yozgat Bozok University, Yozgat 66100, Turkey","Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3994-8099","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Biosystems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering-Architecture, Yozgat Bozok University, Yozgat 66100, Turkey","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799303410"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177156846"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001126381","display_name":"Yavuz Selim \u015eahin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6848-1849"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I131835042","display_name":"Bursa Uluda\u011f \u00dcni\u0307versi\u0307tesi\u0307","ror":"https://ror.org/03tg3eb07","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I131835042"]}],"countries":["TR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yavuz Selim Sahin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Bursa Uludag University, Gorukle, Bursa 16240, Turkey"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Bursa Uludag University, Gorukle, Bursa 16240, Turkey","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I131835042"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100755840","display_name":"Pradeep Kumar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8640-4350"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177156846","display_name":"South Dakota State University","ror":"https://ror.org/015jmes13","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177156846"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pradeep Kumar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177156846"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033142731","display_name":"Xufei Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6735-4597"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177156846","display_name":"South Dakota State University","ror":"https://ror.org/015jmes13","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177156846"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xufei Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6735-4597","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177156846"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044643998","display_name":"Gary L. Anderson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5466-3438"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177156846","display_name":"South Dakota State University","ror":"https://ror.org/015jmes13","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177156846"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Gary Anderson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177156846"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5044643998"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177156846"],"apc_list":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"apc_paid":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"fwci":10.1332,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":14,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98371959,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":"6","first_page":"153","last_page":"153"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14249","display_name":"Water Quality Monitoring and Analysis","score":0.9835000038146973,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2311","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14249","display_name":"Water Quality Monitoring and Analysis","score":0.9835000038146973,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2311","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12697","display_name":"Water Quality Monitoring Technologies","score":0.945900022983551,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2312","display_name":"Water Science and Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5708886384963989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.35001665353775024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.33271703124046326}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5708886384963989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.35001665353775024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.33271703124046326}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/bdcc9060153","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/bdcc9060153","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2504-2289/9/6/153/pdf?version=1749450522","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210238752","display_name":"Big Data and Cognitive Computing","issn_l":"2504-2289","issn":["2504-2289"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Big Data and Cognitive Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:13a74fa2-22f0-4ca3-8d69-d20ce59940f2","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://avesis.uludag.edu.tr/publication/details/13a74fa2-22f0-4ca3-8d69-d20ce59940f2/oai","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407055210","display_name":"Bursa Uludag University - AVESIS","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:4eb191c5ef824106b8b701d38ca66dcd","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/4eb191c5ef824106b8b701d38ca66dcd","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Big Data and Cognitive Computing, Vol 9, Iss 6, p 153 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/bdcc9060153","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/bdcc9060153","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2504-2289/9/6/153/pdf?version=1749450522","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210238752","display_name":"Big Data and Cognitive Computing","issn_l":"2504-2289","issn":["2504-2289"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Big Data and Cognitive Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320310344","display_name":"South Dakota State University","ror":"https://ror.org/015jmes13"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320318965","display_name":"Bursa Uluda\u011f \u00dcniversitesi","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4411157788.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4411157788.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":46,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1237469442","https://openalex.org/W1965295747","https://openalex.org/W2026977142","https://openalex.org/W2050543955","https://openalex.org/W2125570117","https://openalex.org/W2139946326","https://openalex.org/W2141959525","https://openalex.org/W2165229257","https://openalex.org/W2495723071","https://openalex.org/W2565961081","https://openalex.org/W2739900084","https://openalex.org/W2800618803","https://openalex.org/W2967663220","https://openalex.org/W2970893300","https://openalex.org/W2995956992","https://openalex.org/W2998766999","https://openalex.org/W2999855274","https://openalex.org/W3001657276","https://openalex.org/W3041023030","https://openalex.org/W3080257186","https://openalex.org/W3089174329","https://openalex.org/W3091219271","https://openalex.org/W3092112152","https://openalex.org/W3094730993","https://openalex.org/W3095659725","https://openalex.org/W3133514426","https://openalex.org/W3178714987","https://openalex.org/W3194005255","https://openalex.org/W3200809108","https://openalex.org/W3206550493","https://openalex.org/W4207081061","https://openalex.org/W4224307858","https://openalex.org/W4313420829","https://openalex.org/W4376455353","https://openalex.org/W4382402963","https://openalex.org/W4386884832","https://openalex.org/W4389004577","https://openalex.org/W4392241126","https://openalex.org/W4398784579","https://openalex.org/W4404125492","https://openalex.org/W4404269883","https://openalex.org/W4407040232","https://openalex.org/W4407831433","https://openalex.org/W6628316452","https://openalex.org/W6766576792","https://openalex.org/W6771758557"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W4391913857","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W4396701345","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W2001405890","https://openalex.org/W4396696052"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Monitoring":[0],"algal":[1],"growth":[2],"rates":[3],"and":[4,25,34,51,76,104,148,156],"estimating":[5],"microalgae":[6,175],"concentration":[7],"in":[8,173],"photobioreactor":[9],"systems":[10,168],"are":[11,29],"critical":[12],"for":[13,117,129,169],"optimizing":[14],"production":[15,39],"efficiency.":[16],"Traditional":[17],"methods\u2014such":[18],"as":[19],"microscopy,":[20],"fluorescence,":[21],"flow":[22],"cytometry,":[23],"spectroscopy,":[24],"macroscopic":[26],"approaches\u2014while":[27],"accurate,":[28],"often":[30],"costly,":[31],"time-consuming,":[32],"labor-intensive,":[33],"susceptible":[35],"to":[36,137],"contamination":[37],"or":[38],"interference.":[40],"To":[41],"overcome":[42],"these":[43],"limitations,":[44],"this":[45],"study":[46],"proposes":[47],"an":[48],"automated,":[49],"real-time,":[50],"cost-effective":[52],"solution":[53],"by":[54],"integrating":[55],"machine":[56,165],"learning":[57],"with":[58],"image-based":[59],"analysis.":[60],"We":[61],"evaluated":[62],"the":[63,109,114,140,162],"performance":[64,128],"of":[65,88,164],"Decision":[66],"Trees":[67],"(DTS),":[68],"Random":[69],"Forests":[70],"(RF),":[71],"Gradient":[72],"Boosting":[73],"Machines":[74],"(GBM),":[75],"K-Nearest":[77],"Neighbors":[78],"(k-NN)":[79],"algorithms":[80],"using":[81],"RGB":[82],"color":[83],"histograms":[84],"extracted":[85],"from":[86],"images":[87],"Scenedesmus":[89],"dimorphus":[90],"cultures.":[91],"Ground":[92],"truth":[93],"data":[94],"were":[95],"obtained":[96],"via":[97],"manual":[98,154],"cell":[99,118],"enumeration":[100],"under":[101],"a":[102,145],"microscope":[103],"dry":[105,130],"biomass":[106,131],"measurements.":[107],"Among":[108],"models":[110],"tested,":[111],"DTS":[112],"achieved":[113],"highest":[115],"accuracy":[116],"count":[119],"prediction":[120],"(R2":[121,133],"=":[122,134],"0.77),":[123],"while":[124],"RF":[125],"demonstrated":[126],"superior":[127],"estimation":[132],"0.66).":[135],"Compared":[136],"conventional":[138],"methods,":[139],"proposed":[141],"ML-based":[142],"approach":[143],"offers":[144],"low-cost,":[146],"non-invasive,":[147],"scalable":[149],"alternative":[150],"that":[151],"significantly":[152],"reduces":[153],"effort":[155],"response":[157],"time.":[158],"These":[159],"findings":[160],"highlight":[161],"potential":[163],"learning\u2013driven":[166],"imaging":[167],"continuous,":[170],"real-time":[171],"monitoring":[172],"industrial-scale":[174],"cultivation.":[176]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7}],"updated_date":"2026-06-13T07:54:00.901334","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
