{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4411091627","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/bdcc9060151","title":"The Use of Large Language Models in Ophthalmology: A Scoping Review on Current Use-Cases and Considerations for Future Works in This Field","display_name":"The Use of Large Language Models in Ophthalmology: A Scoping Review on Current Use-Cases and Considerations for Future Works in This Field","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-06-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4411091627","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/bdcc9060151"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/bdcc9060151","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/bdcc9060151","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2504-2289/9/6/151/pdf?version=1749215757","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210238752","display_name":"Big Data and Cognitive Computing","issn_l":"2504-2289","issn":["2504-2289"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Big Data and Cognitive Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2504-2289/9/6/151/pdf?version=1749215757","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019013933","display_name":"Ye King Clarence See","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1757-883X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799299286","display_name":"Singapore National Eye Center","ror":"https://ror.org/029nvrb94","country_code":"SG","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799299286"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802408685","display_name":"Tan Tock Seng Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/032d59j24","country_code":"SG","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802408685"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ye King Clarence See","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Ophthalmology, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore 308433, Singapore","National Healthcare Group Eye Institution, Singapore 308433, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1757-883X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Ophthalmology, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore 308433, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802408685"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Healthcare Group Eye Institution, Singapore 308433, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799299286"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046697524","display_name":"Alva Lim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3841-3479"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","display_name":"Nanyang Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e7b5302","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Khai Shin Alva Lim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 308232, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3841-3479","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 308232, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113173077","display_name":"W.Y. Au","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","display_name":"Nanyang Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e7b5302","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wei Yung Au","raw_affiliation_strings":["Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 308232, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 308232, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Si Yin Charlene Chia","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","display_name":"Nanyang Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e7b5302","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Si Yin Charlene Chia","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computing and Data Science, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computing and Data Science, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101917609","display_name":"Xiuyi Fan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1223-9986"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","display_name":"Nanyang Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e7b5302","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiuyi Fan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Medical Technologies & Innovations, National Health Group, Singapore 138543, Singapore","College of Computing and Data Science, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore","Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 308232, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1223-9986","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Medical Technologies & Innovations, National Health Group, Singapore 138543, Singapore","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computing and Data Science, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 308232, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056996128","display_name":"Kelvin Zhenghao Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9993-5118"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799299286","display_name":"Singapore National Eye Center","ror":"https://ror.org/029nvrb94","country_code":"SG","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799299286"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802408685","display_name":"Tan Tock Seng Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/032d59j24","country_code":"SG","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802408685"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210161109","display_name":"Smith-Kettlewell Eye Research Institute","ror":null,"country_code":"US","type":null,"lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210161109"]}],"countries":["SG","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhenghao Kelvin Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Ophthalmology, Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 94303, USA","Department of Ophthalmology, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore 308433, Singapore","National Healthcare Group Eye Institution, Singapore 308433, Singapore","Centre for Medical Technologies & Innovations, National Health Group, Singapore 138543, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9993-5118","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Ophthalmology, Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 94303, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210161109"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Ophthalmology, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore 308433, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802408685"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Healthcare Group Eye Institution, Singapore 308433, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799299286"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Medical Technologies & Innovations, National Health Group, Singapore 138543, Singapore","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1782},"apc_paid":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1782},"fwci":1.2933,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.819997,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":"6","first_page":"151","last_page":"151"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11636","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","score":0.9901000261306763,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2718","display_name":"Health Informatics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11636","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","score":0.9901000261306763,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2718","display_name":"Health Informatics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13702","display_name":"Machine Learning in Healthcare","score":0.929099977016449,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","score":0.5936513543128967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/current","display_name":"Current (fluid)","score":0.48425886034965515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4419707655906677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optometry","display_name":"Optometry","score":0.3421846032142639},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.3222830891609192},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.1961785852909088},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.07264953851699829},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.06433218717575073}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9652623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.5936513543128967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148043351","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4456944","display_name":"Current (fluid)","level":2,"score":0.48425886034965515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4419707655906677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119767625","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q618211","display_name":"Optometry","level":1,"score":0.3421846032142639},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.3222830891609192},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.1961785852909088},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.07264953851699829},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.06433218717575073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202444582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837863","display_name":"Pure mathematics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/bdcc9060151","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/bdcc9060151","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2504-2289/9/6/151/pdf?version=1749215757","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210238752","display_name":"Big Data and Cognitive Computing","issn_l":"2504-2289","issn":["2504-2289"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Big Data and Cognitive Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:421dfb98b0a8499581b03647c7c37982","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/421dfb98b0a8499581b03647c7c37982","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Big Data and Cognitive Computing, Vol 9, Iss 6, p 151 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/bdcc9060151","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/bdcc9060151","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2504-2289/9/6/151/pdf?version=1749215757","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210238752","display_name":"Big Data and Cognitive Computing","issn_l":"2504-2289","issn":["2504-2289"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Big Data and Cognitive Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4411091627.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4411091627.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":74,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2075950485","https://openalex.org/W2084154288","https://openalex.org/W2891378911","https://openalex.org/W2892744536","https://openalex.org/W3118650257","https://openalex.org/W3136552952","https://openalex.org/W3203243032","https://openalex.org/W4221114274","https://openalex.org/W4229015090","https://openalex.org/W4238117743","https://openalex.org/W4319662928","https://openalex.org/W4324020464","https://openalex.org/W4361000349","https://openalex.org/W4364378939","https://openalex.org/W4367834585","https://openalex.org/W4368340908","https://openalex.org/W4368367885","https://openalex.org/W4376133327","https://openalex.org/W4380184772","https://openalex.org/W4381092249","https://openalex.org/W4382566902","https://openalex.org/W4382930233","https://openalex.org/W4384561507","https://openalex.org/W4384922275","https://openalex.org/W4385294579","https://openalex.org/W4385461599","https://openalex.org/W4385707210","https://openalex.org/W4386046428","https://openalex.org/W4386110374","https://openalex.org/W4386596026","https://openalex.org/W4386624561","https://openalex.org/W4386726071","https://openalex.org/W4386776401","https://openalex.org/W4386820498","https://openalex.org/W4387496544","https://openalex.org/W4387613884","https://openalex.org/W4387949526","https://openalex.org/W4387949614","https://openalex.org/W4388007786","https://openalex.org/W4388014051","https://openalex.org/W4388015602","https://openalex.org/W4388287351","https://openalex.org/W4388425524","https://openalex.org/W4388734653","https://openalex.org/W4388744570","https://openalex.org/W4388791629","https://openalex.org/W4388879751","https://openalex.org/W4388922836","https://openalex.org/W4388931396","https://openalex.org/W4389076631","https://openalex.org/W4389180121","https://openalex.org/W4389182159","https://openalex.org/W4389315592","https://openalex.org/W4389574959","https://openalex.org/W4389895211","https://openalex.org/W4390065167","https://openalex.org/W4390277067","https://openalex.org/W4390350124","https://openalex.org/W4390578994","https://openalex.org/W4390637213","https://openalex.org/W4390706717","https://openalex.org/W4390820396","https://openalex.org/W4390823043","https://openalex.org/W4390985458","https://openalex.org/W4391045702","https://openalex.org/W4391214680","https://openalex.org/W4391262681","https://openalex.org/W4391578496","https://openalex.org/W4392691776","https://openalex.org/W4392710953","https://openalex.org/W4395026179","https://openalex.org/W4401075978","https://openalex.org/W4404668694","https://openalex.org/W4406185041"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W3031052312","https://openalex.org/W4389568370","https://openalex.org/W3032375762","https://openalex.org/W1995515455","https://openalex.org/W2080531066","https://openalex.org/W3108674512","https://openalex.org/W1506200166"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,99,109],"advancement":[1],"of":[2,15,20,26,31,50,68,74,104,111,119,184],"generative":[3],"artificial":[4],"intelligence":[5],"(AI)":[6],"has":[7,38],"resulted":[8],"in":[9,36,53,116,136,142,181,187,198,205],"its":[10],"use":[11],"permeating":[12],"many":[13],"areas":[14,118],"life.":[16],"Amidst":[17],"this":[18,41,210],"eruption":[19],"scientific":[21],"output,":[22],"a":[23,66,94],"wide":[24],"range":[25],"research":[27],"regarding":[28],"the":[29,48,58,72,117,174,182,199],"usage":[30],"Large":[32],"Language":[33],"Models":[34],"(LLMs)":[35],"ophthalmology":[37,206],"emerged.":[39],"In":[40,87],"study,":[42],"we":[43,62],"aim":[44,63],"to":[45,64,70,85,151,162,173],"map":[46],"out":[47],"landscape":[49],"LLM":[51],"applications":[52,180],"ophthalmology,":[54],"and":[55,93,102,122,131,158,176,186,195],"by":[56],"consolidating":[57],"work":[59],"carried":[60],"out,":[61],"produce":[65],"point":[67],"reference":[69],"guide":[71],"conduct":[73],"future":[75],"works.":[76],"Eight":[77],"databases":[78],"were":[79,91,97,107,160],"searched":[80],"for":[81],"articles":[82],"from":[83],"2019":[84],"2024.":[86],"total,":[88],"976":[89],"studies":[90,106],"screened,":[92],"final":[95],"49":[96],"included.":[98],"study":[100,152],"designs":[101],"outcomes":[103],"these":[105],"analysed.":[108],"performance":[110],"LLMs":[112,133,165,204],"was":[113],"further":[114],"analysed":[115],"exam":[120],"taking":[121],"patient":[123],"education,":[124],"diagnostic":[125],"capability,":[126,128],"management":[127],"administration,":[129],"inaccuracies,":[130,157],"harm.":[132],"performed":[134],"acceptably":[135],"most":[137],"studies,":[138],"even":[139],"surpassing":[140],"humans":[141],"some.":[143],"Despite":[144],"their":[145,171],"relatively":[146],"good":[147],"performance,":[148],"issues":[149],"pertaining":[150],"design,":[153],"grading":[154],"protocols,":[155],"hallucinations,":[156],"harm":[159],"found":[161,178],"be":[163],"pervasive.":[164],"have":[166,177],"received":[167],"considerable":[168],"attention":[169],"through":[170,209],"introduction":[172],"public":[175],"potential":[179],"field":[183],"medicine,":[185],"particular,":[188],"ophthalmology.":[189],"However,":[190],"using":[191],"standardised":[192],"evaluation":[193],"frameworks":[194],"addressing":[196],"gaps":[197],"current":[200],"literature":[201],"when":[202],"applying":[203],"is":[207],"recommended":[208],"review.":[211]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-27T08:26:11.824852","created_date":"2025-06-07T00:00:00"}
