{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4408894734","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/bdcc9040076","title":"A Quantum Key Distribution Routing Scheme for a Zero-Trust QKD Network System: A Moving Target Defense Approach","display_name":"A Quantum Key Distribution Routing Scheme for a Zero-Trust QKD Network System: A Moving Target Defense Approach","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-03-26","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4408894734","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/bdcc9040076"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/bdcc9040076","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/bdcc9040076","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2504-2289/9/4/76/pdf?version=1742977692","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210238752","display_name":"Big Data and Cognitive Computing","issn_l":"2504-2289","issn":["2504-2289"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Big Data and Cognitive Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2504-2289/9/4/76/pdf?version=1742977692","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046149081","display_name":"Esraa M. Ghourab","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4697-1633"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Esraa M. Ghourab","raw_affiliation_strings":["IoT and Cyber Security Lab, VT-Mena, Alexandria 21121, Egypt"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IoT and Cyber Security Lab, VT-Mena, Alexandria 21121, Egypt","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060581248","display_name":"Mohamed Azab","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9386-4726"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185641255","display_name":"Virginia Military Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/01ngnm118","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185641255"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Mohamed Azab","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer and Information Sciences, Virginia Military Institute, Lexington, VA 24450, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer and Information Sciences, Virginia Military Institute, Lexington, VA 24450, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185641255"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056069234","display_name":"Denis Gra\u010danin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6831-2818"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I859038795","display_name":"Virginia Tech","ror":"https://ror.org/02smfhw86","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Denis Gra\u010danin","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Department of Computer Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Department of Computer Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5060581248"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185641255"],"apc_list":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"apc_paid":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"fwci":4.7137,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93959195,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":"4","first_page":"76","last_page":"76"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10020","display_name":"Quantum Information and Cryptography","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10020","display_name":"Quantum Information and Cryptography","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10682","display_name":"Quantum Computing Algorithms and Architecture","score":0.9983000159263611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10622","display_name":"Quantum Mechanics and Applications","score":0.9750999808311462,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-key-distribution","display_name":"Quantum key distribution","score":0.9270337224006653},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scheme","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","score":0.5399678945541382},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.5246365666389465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.45889946818351746},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4433761239051819},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/routing","display_name":"Routing (electronic design automation)","score":0.41039323806762695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.3937451243400574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum","display_name":"Quantum","score":0.34136849641799927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.28816890716552734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.1857297420501709},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-mechanics","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","score":0.18161818385124207}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95466800","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1027298","display_name":"Quantum key distribution","level":3,"score":0.9270337224006653},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77618280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1155772","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.5399678945541382},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.5246365666389465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.45889946818351746},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4433761239051819},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74172769","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1446839","display_name":"Routing (electronic design automation)","level":2,"score":0.41039323806762695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.3937451243400574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84114770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46344","display_name":"Quantum","level":2,"score":0.34136849641799927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.28816890716552734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.1857297420501709},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.18161818385124207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/bdcc9040076","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/bdcc9040076","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2504-2289/9/4/76/pdf?version=1742977692","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210238752","display_name":"Big Data and Cognitive Computing","issn_l":"2504-2289","issn":["2504-2289"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Big Data and Cognitive Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:vtechworks.lib.vt.edu:10919/126256","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/10919/126256","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400248","display_name":"VTechWorks (Virginia Tech)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I859038795","host_organization_name":"Virginia Tech","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:ad2010292abe445f87cc33e19ac458be","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/ad2010292abe445f87cc33e19ac458be","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Big Data and Cognitive Computing, Vol 9, Iss 4, p 76 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/bdcc9040076","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/bdcc9040076","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2504-2289/9/4/76/pdf?version=1742977692","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210238752","display_name":"Big Data and Cognitive Computing","issn_l":"2504-2289","issn":["2504-2289"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Big Data and Cognitive Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F328363578","display_name":"Commonwealth Cyber Initiative","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4408894734.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":53,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1548625041","https://openalex.org/W1968204762","https://openalex.org/W2011282943","https://openalex.org/W2020272675","https://openalex.org/W2049471987","https://openalex.org/W2086297385","https://openalex.org/W2137147061","https://openalex.org/W2164152524","https://openalex.org/W2600990055","https://openalex.org/W2759738137","https://openalex.org/W2889499583","https://openalex.org/W2982169647","https://openalex.org/W3004523396","https://openalex.org/W3097568323","https://openalex.org/W3106153372","https://openalex.org/W3118428022","https://openalex.org/W3194289915","https://openalex.org/W3199586319","https://openalex.org/W4205147474","https://openalex.org/W4205938675","https://openalex.org/W4206598149","https://openalex.org/W4211120542","https://openalex.org/W4213427719","https://openalex.org/W4226153347","https://openalex.org/W4289597961","https://openalex.org/W4317499900","https://openalex.org/W4319221834","https://openalex.org/W4321608459","https://openalex.org/W4323530175","https://openalex.org/W4379508048","https://openalex.org/W4385345680","https://openalex.org/W4385688156","https://openalex.org/W4386243725","https://openalex.org/W4388240450","https://openalex.org/W4388302326","https://openalex.org/W4390417691","https://openalex.org/W4390547699","https://openalex.org/W4391093315","https://openalex.org/W4391681190","https://openalex.org/W4393178448","https://openalex.org/W4400233877","https://openalex.org/W4400447706","https://openalex.org/W4400701238","https://openalex.org/W4401384959","https://openalex.org/W4401508551","https://openalex.org/W4401753556","https://openalex.org/W4401753768","https://openalex.org/W4402723631","https://openalex.org/W4405445479","https://openalex.org/W4405848047","https://openalex.org/W6800054714","https://openalex.org/W6811091743","https://openalex.org/W6996069369"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2314556459","https://openalex.org/W4313487304","https://openalex.org/W2736059005","https://openalex.org/W2035131364","https://openalex.org/W2071612327","https://openalex.org/W2039023320","https://openalex.org/W3186155520","https://openalex.org/W2026480283","https://openalex.org/W4293168356","https://openalex.org/W3196822321"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Quantum":[0],"key":[1,5,18,94,99,105,177,215],"distribution":[2,95,216],"(QKD),":[3],"a":[4,78,110,118,156,167],"application":[6],"of":[7,31,66,92,245],"quantum":[8],"information":[9],"technology":[10],"and":[11,62,124,139,166,190,211,235],"\u201cone-time":[12],"pad\u201d":[13],"(OTP)":[14],"encryption,":[15],"enables":[16],"secure":[17,103],"exchange":[19,100],"with":[20,162],"information-theoretic":[21],"security,":[22],"meaning":[23],"its":[24,141,238],"security":[25,91,181,191,233],"is":[26],"grounded":[27],"in":[28,38,170,207],"the":[29,63,90,152,171,200,214,227,242],"laws":[30],"physics":[32],"rather":[33],"than":[34],"computational":[35],"assumptions.":[36],"However,":[37],"QKD":[39,146,197,246],"networks,":[40],"achieving":[41],"long-distance":[42],"communication":[43],"often":[44],"requires":[45],"trusted":[46],"relays":[47,61],"to":[48,59,122,220,240],"mitigate":[49],"channel":[50],"losses.":[51],"This":[52],"reliance":[53],"introduces":[54],"significant":[55],"challenges,":[56],"including":[57],"vulnerabilities":[58],"compromised":[60,128],"high":[64],"costs":[65],"infrastructure,":[67],"which":[68],"hinder":[69],"widespread":[70],"deployment.":[71],"To":[72,131],"address":[73],"these":[74],"limitations,":[75],"we":[76,135],"propose":[77],"zero-trust":[79],"spatiotemporal":[80],"diversification":[81],"framework":[82],"for":[83,175],"multipath\u2013multi-key":[84],"distribution.":[85,106],"The":[86,148,179,223],"proposed":[87,153,201,228],"approach":[88,154,229],"enhances":[89],"end-to-end":[93],"by":[96,184],"dynamically":[97],"shuffling":[98],"routes,":[101],"enabling":[102],"multipath":[104,145],"Furthermore,":[107],"it":[108],"incorporates":[109],"dynamic":[111],"adaptive":[112],"path":[113],"recovery":[114],"mechanism":[115],"that":[116,151,226],"leverages":[117],"recursive":[119],"penalty":[120],"model":[121],"identify":[123],"exclude":[125],"suspicious":[126],"or":[127],"relay":[129],"nodes.":[130],"validate":[132],"this":[133],"framework,":[134],"conducted":[136],"extensive":[137],"simulations":[138],"compared":[140,219],"performance":[142],"against":[143,209],"established":[144],"methods.":[147,222],"results":[149,224],"demonstrate":[150,225],"achieves":[155],"97.22%":[157],"lower":[158],"attack":[159,172],"success":[160,173,217],"rate":[161,174,218],"20%":[163,187],"attacker":[164,188],"pervasiveness":[165],"91.42%":[168],"reduction":[169],"single":[176],"transmission.":[178],"total":[180],"percentage":[182],"improves":[183,231],"35%":[185],"under":[186],"pervasiveness,":[189],"enhancement":[192],"reaches":[193],"79.6%":[194],"when":[195],"increasing":[196],"pairs.":[198],"Additionally,":[199],"scheme":[202],"exhibits":[203],"an":[204],"86.04%":[205],"improvement":[206],"defense":[208],"interception":[210],"nearly":[212],"doubles":[213],"traditional":[221],"significantly":[230],"both":[232],"robustness":[234],"efficiency,":[236],"underscoring":[237],"potential":[239],"advance":[241],"practical":[243],"deployment":[244],"networks.":[247]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-04-09T08:11:56.329763","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
