{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4408324172","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/bdcc9030066","title":"PK-Judge: Enhancing IP Protection of Neural Network Models Using an Asymmetric Approach","display_name":"PK-Judge: Enhancing IP Protection of Neural Network Models Using an Asymmetric Approach","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-03-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4408324172","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/bdcc9030066"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/bdcc9030066","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/bdcc9030066","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2504-2289/9/3/66/pdf?version=1741704391","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210238752","display_name":"Big Data and Cognitive Computing","issn_l":"2504-2289","issn":["2504-2289"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Big Data and Cognitive Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2504-2289/9/3/66/pdf?version=1741704391","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5116585487","display_name":"Wafaa Kanakri","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-5512-4012"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I219193219","display_name":"Purdue University West Lafayette","ror":"https://ror.org/02dqehb95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Wafaa Kanakri","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061007599","display_name":"Brian King","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7732-0860"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I219193219","display_name":"Purdue University West Lafayette","ror":"https://ror.org/02dqehb95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Brian King","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5116585487"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"],"apc_list":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"apc_paid":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"fwci":5.6152,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94789782,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":"3","first_page":"66","last_page":"66"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9940000176429749,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":0.9939000010490417,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.608967661857605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4380267858505249},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.41570520401000977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/law-and-economics","display_name":"Law and economics","score":0.3713545799255371},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.2709901034832001},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economics","display_name":"Economics","score":0.17804130911827087}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.608967661857605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4380267858505249},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.41570520401000977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190253527","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q295354","display_name":"Law and economics","level":1,"score":0.3713545799255371},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.2709901034832001},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.17804130911827087}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/bdcc9030066","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/bdcc9030066","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2504-2289/9/3/66/pdf?version=1741704391","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210238752","display_name":"Big Data and Cognitive Computing","issn_l":"2504-2289","issn":["2504-2289"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Big Data and Cognitive Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:41c0ac60c04743c6a7b6a69c92dc0e50","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/41c0ac60c04743c6a7b6a69c92dc0e50","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Big Data and Cognitive Computing, Vol 9, Iss 3, p 66 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/bdcc9030066","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/bdcc9030066","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2504-2289/9/3/66/pdf?version=1741704391","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210238752","display_name":"Big Data and Cognitive Computing","issn_l":"2504-2289","issn":["2504-2289"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Big Data and Cognitive Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4408324172.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":58,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W114517082","https://openalex.org/W1610688607","https://openalex.org/W1972793767","https://openalex.org/W1980073965","https://openalex.org/W1995875735","https://openalex.org/W2083774980","https://openalex.org/W2095881341","https://openalex.org/W2108834246","https://openalex.org/W2116467012","https://openalex.org/W2121606987","https://openalex.org/W2128765501","https://openalex.org/W2148575324","https://openalex.org/W2156186849","https://openalex.org/W2161647295","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2579318729","https://openalex.org/W2786379237","https://openalex.org/W2806082141","https://openalex.org/W2919115771","https://openalex.org/W2935349488","https://openalex.org/W2937447982","https://openalex.org/W2952608669","https://openalex.org/W2963026768","https://openalex.org/W2963446712","https://openalex.org/W2964137095","https://openalex.org/W2970272159","https://openalex.org/W3007665694","https://openalex.org/W3025612445","https://openalex.org/W3118608800","https://openalex.org/W3120396155","https://openalex.org/W3156011647","https://openalex.org/W3159281858","https://openalex.org/W3159771755","https://openalex.org/W3164111940","https://openalex.org/W3168768313","https://openalex.org/W3172826360","https://openalex.org/W3185271965","https://openalex.org/W3203430276","https://openalex.org/W3206880386","https://openalex.org/W3212500317","https://openalex.org/W4232836212","https://openalex.org/W4280643662","https://openalex.org/W4288391584","https://openalex.org/W4295312788","https://openalex.org/W4300349690","https://openalex.org/W4306814455","https://openalex.org/W4320005719","https://openalex.org/W4366235422","https://openalex.org/W4386072370","https://openalex.org/W4386798592","https://openalex.org/W4390658962","https://openalex.org/W4392005731","https://openalex.org/W4401023728","https://openalex.org/W4404933463","https://openalex.org/W4406097419","https://openalex.org/W6637957265","https://openalex.org/W6766978945","https://openalex.org/W6803230058"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W4391913857","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W4396701345","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W2001405890","https://openalex.org/W4396696052"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1],"introduces":[2,124],"PK-Judge,":[3],"a":[4,52,63,86,125,137],"novel":[5],"neural":[6,158],"network":[7,159],"watermarking":[8,56,143],"framework":[9],"designed":[10],"to":[11,36,50,68,90,100],"enhance":[12],"the":[13,26,31,73,130,155,165],"intellectual":[14],"property":[15],"(IP)":[16],"protection":[17,161],"by":[18,30],"incorporating":[19],"an":[20,102],"asymmetric":[21],"cryptograp":[22],"hic":[23],"approach":[24],"in":[25,38,145,157],"verification":[27],"process.":[28],"Inspired":[29],"paradigm":[32],"shift":[33],"from":[34,72],"HTTP":[35],"HTTPS":[37],"enhancing":[39],"web":[40],"security,":[41],"this":[42],"work":[43],"integrates":[44],"public":[45,64],"key":[46,65],"infrastructure":[47,66],"(PKI)":[48,67],"principles":[49],"establish":[51],"secure":[53,140],"and":[54,94,120,141,162,174],"verifiable":[55],"system.":[57],"Unlike":[58],"symmetric":[59],"approaches,":[60],"PK-Judge":[61,123,153],"employs":[62],"decouple":[69],"ownership":[70],"validation":[71],"extraction":[74],"process,":[75],"significantly":[76],"increasing":[77],"its":[78],"resilience":[79],"against":[80],"adversarial":[81],"attacks.":[82],"Additionally,":[83],"it":[84],"incorporates":[85],"robust":[87],"challenge-response":[88],"mechanism":[89],"mitigate":[91],"replay":[92],"attacks":[93],"leverages":[95],"error":[96],"correction":[97],"codes":[98],"(ECC)":[99],"achieve":[101],"Effective":[103],"Bit":[104],"Error":[105],"Rate":[106],"(EBER)":[107],"of":[108,132,134],"zero,":[109],"ensuring":[110],"watermark":[111],"integrity":[112],"even":[113],"under":[114],"conditions":[115],"such":[116],"as":[117],"fine-tuning,":[118],"pruning,":[119],"overwriting.":[121],"Furthermore,":[122],"new":[126],"requirement":[127],"based":[128],"on":[129],"principle":[131],"separation":[133],"privilege,":[135],"setting":[136],"foundation":[138],"for":[139,167],"scalable":[142],"mechanisms":[144],"machine":[146],"learning.":[147],"By":[148],"addressing":[149],"these":[150],"critical":[151],"challenges,":[152],"advances":[154],"state-of-the-art":[156],"IP":[160],"integrity,":[163],"paving":[164],"way":[166],"trust-based":[168],"AI":[169],"technologies":[170],"that":[171],"prioritize":[172],"security":[173],"verifiability.":[175]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-02-27T16:54:17.756197","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
