{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4406343048","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/bdcc9010011","title":"The Data Heterogeneity Issue Regarding COVID-19 Lung Imaging in Federated Learning: An Experimental Study","display_name":"The Data Heterogeneity Issue Regarding COVID-19 Lung Imaging in Federated Learning: An Experimental Study","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4406343048","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/bdcc9010011"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/bdcc9010011","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/bdcc9010011","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2504-2289/9/1/11/pdf?version=1736847109","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210238752","display_name":"Big Data and Cognitive Computing","issn_l":"2504-2289","issn":["2504-2289"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Big Data and Cognitive Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2504-2289/9/1/11/pdf?version=1736847109","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015789347","display_name":"Fatimah Al-Hafiz","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185163786","display_name":"King Abdulaziz University","ror":"https://ror.org/02ma4wv74","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185163786"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Fatimah Alhafiz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Computing and Information Technology, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Computing and Information Technology, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185163786"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066027699","display_name":"Abdullah Basuhail","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3290-3717"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185163786","display_name":"King Abdulaziz University","ror":"https://ror.org/02ma4wv74","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185163786"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Abdullah Basuhail","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Computing and Information Technology, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Computing and Information Technology, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185163786"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5015789347","https://openalex.org/A5066027699"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185163786"],"apc_list":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"apc_paid":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"fwci":9.0964,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9757978,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":"1","first_page":"11","last_page":"11"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11775","display_name":"COVID-19 diagnosis using AI","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11775","display_name":"COVID-19 diagnosis using AI","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10764","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data","score":0.9962000250816345,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11636","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","score":0.9912999868392944,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2718","display_name":"Health Informatics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coronavirus-disease-2019","display_name":"Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)","score":0.8008624315261841},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/severe-acute-respiratory-syndrome-coronavirus-2","display_name":"Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)","score":0.6192740797996521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/2019-20-coronavirus-outbreak","display_name":"2019-20 coronavirus outbreak","score":0.5657898783683777},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.4060206115245819},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/virology","display_name":"Virology","score":0.38928329944610596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.3412814438343048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pathology","display_name":"Pathology","score":0.20949873328208923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/infectious-disease","display_name":"Infectious disease (medical specialty)","score":0.06996884942054749}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3008058167","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q84263196","display_name":"Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)","level":4,"score":0.8008624315261841},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3007834351","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82069695","display_name":"Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)","level":5,"score":0.6192740797996521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3006700255","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q81068910","display_name":"2019-20 coronavirus outbreak","level":3,"score":0.5657898783683777},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.4060206115245819},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159047783","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7215","display_name":"Virology","level":1,"score":0.38928329944610596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3412814438343048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.20949873328208923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C524204448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q788926","display_name":"Infectious disease (medical specialty)","level":3,"score":0.06996884942054749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116675565","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3241045","display_name":"Outbreak","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779134260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12136","display_name":"Disease","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/bdcc9010011","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/bdcc9010011","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2504-2289/9/1/11/pdf?version=1736847109","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210238752","display_name":"Big Data and Cognitive Computing","issn_l":"2504-2289","issn":["2504-2289"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Big Data and Cognitive Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:fb5cca5e39414d6c853ec58d2a01ff8d","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/fb5cca5e39414d6c853ec58d2a01ff8d","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Big Data and Cognitive Computing, Vol 9, Iss 1, p 11 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/bdcc9010011","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/bdcc9010011","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2504-2289/9/1/11/pdf?version=1736847109","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210238752","display_name":"Big Data and Cognitive Computing","issn_l":"2504-2289","issn":["2504-2289"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Big Data and Cognitive Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5099999904632568,"display_name":"Partnerships for the goals","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/17"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4406343048.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4406343048.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":48,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2102521965","https://openalex.org/W2541884796","https://openalex.org/W3013277995","https://openalex.org/W3024264813","https://openalex.org/W3033511014","https://openalex.org/W3099081599","https://openalex.org/W3122794187","https://openalex.org/W3127057363","https://openalex.org/W3127299377","https://openalex.org/W3133932812","https://openalex.org/W3135057764","https://openalex.org/W3138795569","https://openalex.org/W3150684546","https://openalex.org/W3157242219","https://openalex.org/W3163893137","https://openalex.org/W3164582999","https://openalex.org/W3165750456","https://openalex.org/W3170020805","https://openalex.org/W3177966841","https://openalex.org/W3183916646","https://openalex.org/W3196703073","https://openalex.org/W3198511864","https://openalex.org/W3200840849","https://openalex.org/W3211185929","https://openalex.org/W3212663768","https://openalex.org/W3213704721","https://openalex.org/W3215776046","https://openalex.org/W4200380626","https://openalex.org/W4200568505","https://openalex.org/W4200580682","https://openalex.org/W4220803748","https://openalex.org/W4280580930","https://openalex.org/W4283574666","https://openalex.org/W4287332481","https://openalex.org/W4304116665","https://openalex.org/W4308102317","https://openalex.org/W4313889858","https://openalex.org/W4362001812","https://openalex.org/W4386369761","https://openalex.org/W4389977669","https://openalex.org/W4399110787","https://openalex.org/W4402006883","https://openalex.org/W4402174648","https://openalex.org/W4405500240","https://openalex.org/W6797928375","https://openalex.org/W6798606235","https://openalex.org/W6851260051","https://openalex.org/W6853282090"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3036314732","https://openalex.org/W3009669391","https://openalex.org/W3176864053","https://openalex.org/W4206669628","https://openalex.org/W3171943759","https://openalex.org/W4292098121","https://openalex.org/W3154141118","https://openalex.org/W4388896133","https://openalex.org/W3031607536","https://openalex.org/W3198183218"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Federated":[0],"learning":[1],"(FL)":[2],"has":[3],"emerged":[4],"as":[5],"a":[6,27,39,92,181],"transformative":[7],"framework":[8],"for":[9,100,165],"collaborative":[10],"learning,":[11],"offering":[12],"robust":[13],"model":[14,41,52],"training":[15],"across":[16,146],"institutions":[17,35],"while":[18],"ensuring":[19,58],"data":[20,73,90,119,137],"privacy.":[21],"In":[22],"the":[23,114,134],"context":[24],"of":[25,116,136],"making":[26],"COVID-19":[28,143,197],"diagnosis":[29],"using":[30,70,155],"lung":[31,144,198],"imaging,":[32,97],"FL":[33,109,140,167],"enables":[34],"to":[36,54,76,86,124],"collaboratively":[37],"train":[38],"global":[40,56,64,103,184],"without":[42],"sharing":[43],"sensitive":[44],"patient":[45,194],"data.":[46,131],"A":[47],"central":[48],"manager":[49],"aggregates":[50],"local":[51,80,106,187],"updates":[53],"compute":[55],"updates,":[57],"secure":[59],"and":[60,105,127,157,163,186,193],"effective":[61],"integration.":[62],"The":[63,169],"model\u2019s":[65],"generalization":[66,156,185],"capability":[67],"is":[68,98],"evaluated":[69],"centralized":[71],"testing":[72],"before":[74,121],"dissemination":[75],"participating":[77],"nodes,":[78],"where":[79],"assessments":[81],"facilitate":[82],"personalized":[83],"adaptations":[84],"tailored":[85],"diverse":[87],"datasets.":[88],"Addressing":[89],"heterogeneity,":[91],"critical":[93],"challenge":[94],"in":[95,108,142,196],"medical":[96],"essential":[99],"improving":[101],"both":[102],"performance":[104,141],"personalization":[107,158],"systems.":[110],"This":[111],"study":[112],"emphasizes":[113],"importance":[115],"recognizing":[117],"real-world":[118],"variability":[120],"proposing":[122],"solutions":[123],"tackle":[125],"non-independent":[126],"non-identically":[128],"distributed":[129],"(non-IID)":[130],"We":[132],"investigate":[133],"impact":[135],"heterogeneity":[138,149],"on":[139],"imaging":[145],"seven":[147],"distinct":[148],"settings.":[150],"By":[151],"comprehensively":[152],"evaluating":[153],"models":[154],"metrics,":[159],"we":[160],"highlight":[161],"challenges":[162],"opportunities":[164],"optimizing":[166],"frameworks.":[168],"findings":[170],"provide":[171],"valuable":[172],"insights":[173],"that":[174],"can":[175],"guide":[176],"future":[177],"research":[178],"toward":[179],"achieving":[180],"balance":[182],"between":[183],"adaptation,":[188],"ultimately":[189],"enhancing":[190],"diagnostic":[191],"accuracy":[192],"outcomes":[195],"imaging.":[199]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-03-08T06:56:09.383167","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
