{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4402225116","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/bdcc8090108","title":"Appendicitis Diagnosis: Ensemble Machine Learning and Explainable Artificial Intelligence-Based Comprehensive Approach","display_name":"Appendicitis Diagnosis: Ensemble Machine Learning and Explainable Artificial Intelligence-Based Comprehensive Approach","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-09-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4402225116","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/bdcc8090108"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/bdcc8090108","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/bdcc8090108","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2504-2289/8/9/108/pdf?version=1725455270","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210238752","display_name":"Big Data and Cognitive Computing","issn_l":"2504-2289","issn":["2504-2289"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Big Data and Cognitive Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2504-2289/8/9/108/pdf?version=1725455270","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033300813","display_name":"Mohammed Gollapalli","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7521-5757"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76571253","display_name":"Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University","ror":"https://ror.org/038cy8j79","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76571253"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohammed Gollapalli","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Information Systems, College of Computer Science and Information Technology, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Information Systems, College of Computer Science and Information Technology, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76571253"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101741414","display_name":"Atta Rahman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6696-277X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76571253","display_name":"Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University","ror":"https://ror.org/038cy8j79","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76571253"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Atta Rahman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, College of Computer Science and Information Technology, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, College of Computer Science and Information Technology, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76571253"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040699309","display_name":"Sheriff A. Kudos","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4519-1376"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76571253","display_name":"Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University","ror":"https://ror.org/038cy8j79","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76571253"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sheriff A. Kudos","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Engineering, College of Computer Science and Information Technology, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering, College of Computer Science and Information Technology, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76571253"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053632383","display_name":"Mohammed S. Foula","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1951-635X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801255774","display_name":"King Fahd Hospital of the University","ror":"https://ror.org/0230h1q47","country_code":"SA","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801255774"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76571253","display_name":"Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University","ror":"https://ror.org/038cy8j79","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76571253"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohammed S. Foula","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Surgery, King Fahd University Hospital, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Surgery, King Fahd University Hospital, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801255774","https://openalex.org/I76571253"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052178060","display_name":"Abdullah Mahmoud Alkhalifa","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3958-343X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801255774","display_name":"King Fahd Hospital of the University","ror":"https://ror.org/0230h1q47","country_code":"SA","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801255774"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76571253","display_name":"Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University","ror":"https://ror.org/038cy8j79","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76571253"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abdullah Mahmoud Alkhalifa","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Surgery, King Fahd University Hospital, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Surgery, King Fahd University Hospital, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801255774","https://openalex.org/I76571253"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012567627","display_name":"Hassan M. Albisher","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801255774","display_name":"King Fahd Hospital of the University","ror":"https://ror.org/0230h1q47","country_code":"SA","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801255774"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76571253","display_name":"Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University","ror":"https://ror.org/038cy8j79","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76571253"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hassan Mohammed Albisher","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Surgery, King Fahd University Hospital, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Surgery, King Fahd University Hospital, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801255774","https://openalex.org/I76571253"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074793027","display_name":"Mohammed Al-Hariri","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9807-4870"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76571253","display_name":"Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University","ror":"https://ror.org/038cy8j79","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76571253"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohammed Taha Al-Hariri","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76571253"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027538068","display_name":"Nazeeruddin Mohammad","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3580-5960"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I138564716","display_name":"Prince Mohammad bin Fahd University","ror":"https://ror.org/03d64na34","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I138564716"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nazeeruddin Mohammad","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cybersecurity Center, Prince Mohammad Bin Fahd University, P.O. Box 1664, Alkhobar 31952, Saudi Arabia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cybersecurity Center, Prince Mohammad Bin Fahd University, P.O. Box 1664, Alkhobar 31952, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138564716"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5101741414"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76571253"],"apc_list":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"apc_paid":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"fwci":14.5857,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":22,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99404156,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":"9","first_page":"108","last_page":"108"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11473","display_name":"Appendicitis Diagnosis and Management","score":0.9851999878883362,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2711","display_name":"Emergency Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11473","display_name":"Appendicitis Diagnosis and Management","score":0.9851999878883362,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2711","display_name":"Emergency Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6403290629386902},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6067847609519958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.5269038677215576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ensemble-learning","display_name":"Ensemble learning","score":0.49553143978118896}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6403290629386902},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6067847609519958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.5269038677215576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45942800","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245652","display_name":"Ensemble learning","level":2,"score":0.49553143978118896}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/bdcc8090108","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/bdcc8090108","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2504-2289/8/9/108/pdf?version=1725455270","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210238752","display_name":"Big Data and Cognitive Computing","issn_l":"2504-2289","issn":["2504-2289"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Big Data and Cognitive Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:7de67f0cce2c4546b79740b4d5924a1d","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/7de67f0cce2c4546b79740b4d5924a1d","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Big Data and Cognitive Computing, Vol 8, Iss 9, p 108 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/bdcc8090108","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/bdcc8090108","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2504-2289/8/9/108/pdf?version=1725455270","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210238752","display_name":"Big Data and Cognitive Computing","issn_l":"2504-2289","issn":["2504-2289"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Big Data and Cognitive Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.8500000238418579}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4402225116.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":65,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W148104570","https://openalex.org/W1500435738","https://openalex.org/W1562433966","https://openalex.org/W1965784613","https://openalex.org/W1992829486","https://openalex.org/W1993220166","https://openalex.org/W2001928555","https://openalex.org/W2006813171","https://openalex.org/W2026790587","https://openalex.org/W2036400515","https://openalex.org/W2070155401","https://openalex.org/W2098254218","https://openalex.org/W2103191424","https://openalex.org/W2114073252","https://openalex.org/W2115553777","https://openalex.org/W2142827986","https://openalex.org/W2161202653","https://openalex.org/W2314633289","https://openalex.org/W2408824273","https://openalex.org/W2523449817","https://openalex.org/W2895401330","https://openalex.org/W2896180549","https://openalex.org/W2911964244","https://openalex.org/W2962862931","https://openalex.org/W3002718687","https://openalex.org/W3010414725","https://openalex.org/W3017264036","https://openalex.org/W3019317725","https://openalex.org/W3040812679","https://openalex.org/W3082689207","https://openalex.org/W3089420282","https://openalex.org/W3098996042","https://openalex.org/W3099813607","https://openalex.org/W3130546986","https://openalex.org/W3156448647","https://openalex.org/W4205567685","https://openalex.org/W4212883601","https://openalex.org/W4213385938","https://openalex.org/W4239558944","https://openalex.org/W4283162298","https://openalex.org/W4297399257","https://openalex.org/W4309516957","https://openalex.org/W4317401662","https://openalex.org/W4318677156","https://openalex.org/W4327972252","https://openalex.org/W4364302366","https://openalex.org/W4365503967","https://openalex.org/W4384559443","https://openalex.org/W4385446470","https://openalex.org/W4387234588","https://openalex.org/W4388424789","https://openalex.org/W4388934436","https://openalex.org/W4389943391","https://openalex.org/W4393482861","https://openalex.org/W4399333910","https://openalex.org/W4399793308","https://openalex.org/W4400676192","https://openalex.org/W6633641715","https://openalex.org/W6674940759","https://openalex.org/W6677344320","https://openalex.org/W6714022005","https://openalex.org/W6737947904","https://openalex.org/W6790755495","https://openalex.org/W6846689179","https://openalex.org/W6848893777"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2961085424","https://openalex.org/W4306674287","https://openalex.org/W3046775127","https://openalex.org/W3107602296","https://openalex.org/W4394896187","https://openalex.org/W3170094116","https://openalex.org/W4386462264","https://openalex.org/W4364306694","https://openalex.org/W4312192474","https://openalex.org/W4283697347"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Appendicitis":[0],"is":[1,53,198],"a":[2,83],"condition":[3],"wherein":[4],"the":[5,34,76,90,97,138,142,175,181,184,188,196],"appendix":[6],"becomes":[7],"inflamed,":[8],"and":[9,30,39,44,57,70,82,101,111,131,150,158,163,172,190],"it":[10],"can":[11,21,106],"be":[12,23],"difficult":[13],"to":[14,25,28,88],"diagnose":[15],"accurately.":[16],"The":[17,133],"type":[18],"of":[19,78,92,183,202,207],"appendicitis":[20,94],"also":[22],"hard":[24],"determine,":[26],"leading":[27],"misdiagnosis":[29],"difficulty":[31],"in":[32,200,205],"managing":[33],"condition.":[35],"To":[36],"avoid":[37],"complications":[38],"reduce":[40,108],"mortality,":[41],"early":[42],"diagnosis":[43],"treatment":[45,113],"are":[46,62],"crucial.":[47],"While":[48],"Alvarado\u2019s":[49],"clinical":[50],"scoring":[51],"system":[52],"not":[54],"sufficient,":[55],"ultrasound":[56],"computed":[58],"tomography":[59],"(CT)":[60],"imaging":[61],"effective":[63],"but":[64],"have":[65],"downsides":[66],"such":[67],"as":[68,174],"operator-dependency":[69],"radiation":[71],"exposure.":[72],"This":[73,115],"study":[74,116],"proposes":[75],"use":[77],"machine":[79],"learning":[80,105],"methods":[81],"locally":[84],"collected":[85],"reliable":[86],"dataset":[87],"enhance":[89],"identification":[91],"acute":[93,208],"while":[95],"detecting":[96],"differences":[98],"between":[99],"complicated":[100],"non-complicated":[102],"appendicitis.":[103,209],"Machine":[104],"help":[107],"diagnostic":[109],"errors":[110],"improve":[112],"decisions.":[114],"conducted":[117],"four":[118],"different":[119],"experiments":[120],"using":[121],"various":[122],"ML":[123],"algorithms,":[124],"including":[125],"K-nearest":[126],"neighbors":[127],"(KNN),":[128],"DT,":[129],"bagging,":[130],"stacking.":[132],"experimental":[134],"results":[135],"showed":[136],"that":[137,178],"stacking":[139],"model":[140],"had":[141],"highest":[143],"training":[144],"accuracy,":[145,148],"test":[146],"set":[147],"precision,":[149],"F1":[151],"score,":[152],"which":[153],"were":[154],"97.51%,":[155],"92.63%,":[156],"95.29%,":[157],"92.04%,":[159],"respectively.":[160],"Feature":[161],"importance":[162],"explainable":[164],"AI":[165],"(XAI)":[166],"identified":[167],"neutrophils,":[168],"WBC_Count,":[169],"Total_LOS,":[170],"P_O_LOS,":[171],"Symptoms_Days":[173],"principal":[176],"features":[177],"significantly":[179],"affected":[180],"performance":[182],"model.":[185],"Based":[186],"on":[187],"outcomes":[189],"feedback":[191],"from":[192],"medical":[193],"health":[194],"professionals,":[195],"scheme":[197],"promising":[199],"terms":[201],"its":[203],"effectiveness":[204],"diagnosing":[206]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-04-18T07:56:08.524223","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}