{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4392913295","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/bdcc8030032","title":"AI-Generated Text Detector for Arabic Language Using Encoder-Based Transformer Architecture","display_name":"AI-Generated Text Detector for Arabic Language Using Encoder-Based Transformer Architecture","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-03-18","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4392913295","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/bdcc8030032"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/bdcc8030032","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/bdcc8030032","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2504-2289/8/3/32/pdf?version=1710745584","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210238752","display_name":"Big Data and Cognitive Computing","issn_l":"2504-2289","issn":["2504-2289"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Big Data and Cognitive Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2504-2289/8/3/32/pdf?version=1710745584","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102580418","display_name":"Hamed Alshammari","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154300980","display_name":"University of Bridgeport","ror":"https://ror.org/01rf3yp57","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154300980"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hamed Alshammari","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Bridgeport, Bridgeport, CT 06604, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Bridgeport, Bridgeport, CT 06604, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154300980"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071487645","display_name":"Ahmed El-Sayed","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4746-9095"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154300980","display_name":"University of Bridgeport","ror":"https://ror.org/01rf3yp57","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154300980"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ahmed El-Sayed","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Bridgeport, Bridgeport, CT 06604, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Bridgeport, Bridgeport, CT 06604, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154300980"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070765307","display_name":"Khaled Elleithy","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9239-5035"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154300980","display_name":"University of Bridgeport","ror":"https://ror.org/01rf3yp57","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154300980"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Khaled Elleithy","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Bridgeport, Bridgeport, CT 06604, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Bridgeport, Bridgeport, CT 06604, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154300980"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5070765307"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154300980"],"apc_list":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"apc_paid":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"fwci":6.9188,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":19,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97267252,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":"3","first_page":"32","last_page":"32"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11550","display_name":"Text and Document Classification Technologies","score":0.9925000071525574,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/arabic","display_name":"Arabic","score":0.7394804954528809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transformer","display_name":"Transformer","score":0.6810973882675171},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encoder","display_name":"Encoder","score":0.6339687705039978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6297850608825684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/architecture","display_name":"Architecture","score":0.6193447113037109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.5911551713943481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.48246318101882935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/detector","display_name":"Detector","score":0.45456627011299133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistics","display_name":"Linguistics","score":0.3009521961212158},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.16288968920707703},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.14879679679870605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voltage","display_name":"Voltage","score":0.12404635548591614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/art","display_name":"Art","score":0.11187922954559326},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/philosophy","display_name":"Philosophy","score":0.06253567337989807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.04809081554412842}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96455323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13955","display_name":"Arabic","level":2,"score":0.7394804954528809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66322947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11658","display_name":"Transformer","level":3,"score":0.6810973882675171},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118505674","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42586063","display_name":"Encoder","level":2,"score":0.6339687705039978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6297850608825684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123657996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12271","display_name":"Architecture","level":2,"score":0.6193447113037109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.5911551713943481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.48246318101882935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94915269","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1834857","display_name":"Detector","level":2,"score":0.45456627011299133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.3009521961212158},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.16288968920707703},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.14879679679870605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.12404635548591614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.11187922954559326},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.06253567337989807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.04809081554412842},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153349607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36649","display_name":"Visual arts","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/bdcc8030032","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/bdcc8030032","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2504-2289/8/3/32/pdf?version=1710745584","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210238752","display_name":"Big Data and Cognitive Computing","issn_l":"2504-2289","issn":["2504-2289"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Big Data and Cognitive Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:d25ece60f61445af9184c26dad0143db","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/d25ece60f61445af9184c26dad0143db","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Big Data and Cognitive Computing, Vol 8, Iss 3, p 32 (2024)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2504-2289/8/3/32/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bdcc8030032","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Big Data and Cognitive Computing","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/bdcc8030032","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/bdcc8030032","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2504-2289/8/3/32/pdf?version=1710745584","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210238752","display_name":"Big Data and Cognitive Computing","issn_l":"2504-2289","issn":["2504-2289"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Big Data and Cognitive Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality Education","score":0.7900000214576721,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4392913295.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":41,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1984708705","https://openalex.org/W2585345551","https://openalex.org/W2950681488","https://openalex.org/W2950813464","https://openalex.org/W2951080837","https://openalex.org/W2963748441","https://openalex.org/W2970295111","https://openalex.org/W2970960342","https://openalex.org/W2986154550","https://openalex.org/W3032746405","https://openalex.org/W3035390927","https://openalex.org/W3035497479","https://openalex.org/W3045462440","https://openalex.org/W3046357466","https://openalex.org/W3101891351","https://openalex.org/W3103187652","https://openalex.org/W3149627794","https://openalex.org/W3172475066","https://openalex.org/W3174685870","https://openalex.org/W4205266770","https://openalex.org/W4210491685","https://openalex.org/W4211260480","https://openalex.org/W4283170666","https://openalex.org/W4285272223","https://openalex.org/W4292779060","https://openalex.org/W4313294616","https://openalex.org/W4318672916","https://openalex.org/W4321106177","https://openalex.org/W4321116084","https://openalex.org/W4324046518","https://openalex.org/W4360770798","https://openalex.org/W4361002760","https://openalex.org/W4381949325","https://openalex.org/W4382583857","https://openalex.org/W4386576626","https://openalex.org/W4390236844","https://openalex.org/W4390489178","https://openalex.org/W4392946376","https://openalex.org/W6681530644","https://openalex.org/W6763240421","https://openalex.org/W6778883912"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2366906938","https://openalex.org/W4249048193","https://openalex.org/W4390516098","https://openalex.org/W2349391998","https://openalex.org/W4205655149","https://openalex.org/W3000360420","https://openalex.org/W2181948922","https://openalex.org/W1931440630","https://openalex.org/W2384362569","https://openalex.org/W2000775715"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,106,134,161],"effectiveness":[1],"of":[2,131,136,208],"existing":[3,48,147],"AI":[4,18,49,148],"detectors":[5,50],"is":[6,37,109],"notably":[7],"hampered":[8],"when":[9],"processing":[10,31],"Arabic":[11,127],"texts.":[12],"This":[13,213],"study":[14],"introduces":[15],"a":[16,77,84,192,201],"novel":[17],"text":[19],"classifier":[20],"designed":[21],"specifically":[22],"for":[23,183],"Arabic,":[24],"tackling":[25],"the":[26,137,144,157,165,197,205,218],"distinct":[27,75],"challenges":[28],"inherent":[29],"in":[30,121,126,204,231],"this":[32,57,59,115],"language.":[33],"A":[34],"particular":[35],"focus":[36],"placed":[38],"on":[39,73,156],"accurately":[40],"recognizing":[41,122],"human-written":[42],"texts":[43,95],"(HWTs),":[44],"an":[45,129],"area":[46],"where":[47],"have":[51],"demonstrated":[52,200],"significant":[53,202],"limitations.":[54],"To":[55],"achieve":[56],"goal,":[58],"paper":[60],"utilized":[61],"and":[62,68,83,93,104,151,171,181,185,211],"fine-tuned":[63],"two":[64,74,145],"Transformer-based":[65],"models,":[66],"AraELECTRA":[67],"XLM-R,":[69],"by":[70],"training":[71],"them":[72],"datasets:":[76],"large":[78],"dataset":[79,86],"comprising":[80],"43,958":[81],"examples":[82,89],"custom":[85],"with":[87,175],"3078":[88],"that":[90,164],"contain":[91],"HWT":[92],"AI-generated":[94],"(AIGTs)":[96],"from":[97,223],"various":[98],"sources,":[99],"including":[100],"ChatGPT":[101],"3.5,":[102],"ChatGPT-4,":[103],"BARD.":[105],"proposed":[107,138,166],"architecture":[108],"adaptable":[110],"to":[111,179,196,225],"any":[112],"language,":[113],"but":[114],"work":[116],"evaluates":[117],"these":[118],"models\u2019":[119],"efficiency":[120],"HWTs":[123,210],"versus":[124],"AIGTs":[125],"as":[128,226,228],"example":[130],"Semitic":[132],"languages.":[133],"performance":[135],"models":[139],"has":[140],"been":[141],"compared":[142,178],"against":[143],"prominent":[146],"detectors,":[149],"GPTZero":[150,170,184],"OpenAI":[152,172,186],"Text":[153,173,187],"Classifier,":[154,188],"particularly":[155],"AIRABIC":[158],"benchmark":[159],"dataset.":[160],"results":[162],"reveal":[163],"classifiers":[167],"outperform":[168],"both":[169,209],"Classifier":[174],"81%":[176,224],"accuracy":[177,207],"63%":[180],"50%":[182],"respectively.":[189],"Furthermore,":[190],"integrating":[191],"Dediacritization":[193,214],"Layer":[194],"prior":[195],"classification":[198,219],"model":[199],"enhancement":[203],"detection":[206],"AIGTs.":[212],"step":[215],"markedly":[216],"improved":[217],"accuracy,":[220],"elevating":[221],"it":[222],"high":[227],"99%":[229],"and,":[230],"some":[232],"instances,":[233],"even":[234],"achieving":[235],"100%.":[236]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-03-09T08:58:05.943551","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}