{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4375862494","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/bdcc7020087","title":"Attention Mechanism and Support Vector Machine for Image-Based E-Mail Spam Filtering","display_name":"Attention Mechanism and Support Vector Machine for Image-Based E-Mail Spam Filtering","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-05-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4375862494","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/bdcc7020087"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/bdcc7020087","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/bdcc7020087","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2504-2289/7/2/87/pdf?version=1683338442","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210238752","display_name":"Big Data and Cognitive Computing","issn_l":"2504-2289","issn":["2504-2289"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Big Data and Cognitive Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2504-2289/7/2/87/pdf?version=1683338442","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085293707","display_name":"Ghizlane Hnini","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4225-0334"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I81605866","display_name":"Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University","ror":"https://ror.org/04efg9a07","country_code":"MA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I81605866"]}],"countries":["MA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ghizlane Hnini","raw_affiliation_strings":["Laboratory of Computer Science, Signals, Automation and Cognitivism (LISAC), University Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah, Fez 30000, Morocco"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4225-0334","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratory of Computer Science, Signals, Automation and Cognitivism (LISAC), University Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah, Fez 30000, Morocco","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I81605866"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090906662","display_name":"Jamal Riffi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I81605866","display_name":"Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University","ror":"https://ror.org/04efg9a07","country_code":"MA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I81605866"]}],"countries":["MA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jamal Riffi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Laboratory of Computer Science, Signals, Automation and Cognitivism (LISAC), University Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah, Fez 30000, Morocco"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratory of Computer Science, Signals, Automation and Cognitivism (LISAC), University Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah, Fez 30000, Morocco","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I81605866"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051206962","display_name":"Mohamed Adnane Mahraz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0966-9654"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I81605866","display_name":"Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University","ror":"https://ror.org/04efg9a07","country_code":"MA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I81605866"]}],"countries":["MA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohamed Adnane Mahraz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Laboratory of Computer Science, Signals, Automation and Cognitivism (LISAC), University Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah, Fez 30000, Morocco"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratory of Computer Science, Signals, Automation and Cognitivism (LISAC), University Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah, Fez 30000, Morocco","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I81605866"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078495751","display_name":"Ali Yahyaouy","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1954-2734"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I81605866","display_name":"Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University","ror":"https://ror.org/04efg9a07","country_code":"MA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I81605866"]}],"countries":["MA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ali Yahyaouy","raw_affiliation_strings":["Laboratory of Computer Science, Signals, Automation and Cognitivism (LISAC), University Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah, Fez 30000, Morocco"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratory of Computer Science, Signals, Automation and Cognitivism (LISAC), University Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah, Fez 30000, Morocco","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I81605866"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038331849","display_name":"Hamid Tairi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5445-0037"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I81605866","display_name":"Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University","ror":"https://ror.org/04efg9a07","country_code":"MA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I81605866"]}],"countries":["MA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hamid Tairi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Laboratory of Computer Science, Signals, Automation and Cognitivism (LISAC), University Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah, Fez 30000, Morocco"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratory of Computer Science, Signals, Automation and Cognitivism (LISAC), University Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah, Fez 30000, Morocco","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I81605866"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5085293707"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I81605866"],"apc_list":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1782},"apc_paid":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1782},"fwci":2.5764,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91332415,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":"2","first_page":"87","last_page":"87"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11644","display_name":"Spam and Phishing Detection","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11644","display_name":"Spam and Phishing Detection","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12702","display_name":"Brain Tumor Detection and Classification","score":0.9943000078201294,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2808","display_name":"Neurology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11550","display_name":"Text and Document Classification Technologies","score":0.9901000261306763,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7760944366455078},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.6955509185791016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/support-vector-machine","display_name":"Support vector machine","score":0.6845278739929199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6024851202964783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.5934123396873474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/block","display_name":"Block (permutation group theory)","score":0.586205244064331},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolution","display_name":"Convolution (computer science)","score":0.5249091386795044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.4890936017036438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.4768739342689514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-vector","display_name":"Feature vector","score":0.4731156527996063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.39596232771873474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.38561028242111206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.37988197803497314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.07620325684547424}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7760944366455078},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.6955509185791016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.6845278739929199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6024851202964783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.5934123396873474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777210771","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4927124","display_name":"Block (permutation group theory)","level":2,"score":0.586205244064331},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45347329","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5166604","display_name":"Convolution (computer science)","level":3,"score":0.5249091386795044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4890936017036438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.4768739342689514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83665646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42139305","display_name":"Feature vector","level":2,"score":0.4731156527996063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.39596232771873474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.38561028242111206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.37988197803497314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.07620325684547424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/bdcc7020087","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/bdcc7020087","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2504-2289/7/2/87/pdf?version=1683338442","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210238752","display_name":"Big Data and Cognitive Computing","issn_l":"2504-2289","issn":["2504-2289"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Big Data and Cognitive Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:4fc4dc509d7f456cbebd77dd37748779","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/4fc4dc509d7f456cbebd77dd37748779","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Big Data and Cognitive Computing, Vol 7, Iss 2, p 87 (2023)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2504-2289/7/2/87/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bdcc7020087","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Big Data and Cognitive Computing; Volume 7; Issue 2; Pages: 87","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/bdcc7020087","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/bdcc7020087","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2504-2289/7/2/87/pdf?version=1683338442","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210238752","display_name":"Big Data and Cognitive Computing","issn_l":"2504-2289","issn":["2504-2289"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Big Data and Cognitive Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Decent work and economic growth","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8","score":0.6700000166893005}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4375862494.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4375862494.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":35,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1730428413","https://openalex.org/W2163605009","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2338637326","https://openalex.org/W2517729512","https://openalex.org/W2531234749","https://openalex.org/W2531409750","https://openalex.org/W2590571889","https://openalex.org/W2735326743","https://openalex.org/W2752782242","https://openalex.org/W2884585870","https://openalex.org/W2923014022","https://openalex.org/W2946948417","https://openalex.org/W2963163009","https://openalex.org/W2963446712","https://openalex.org/W2963495494","https://openalex.org/W2986926832","https://openalex.org/W3004407835","https://openalex.org/W3013262845","https://openalex.org/W3034243108","https://openalex.org/W3137622667","https://openalex.org/W3141686364","https://openalex.org/W4200128577","https://openalex.org/W4200397953","https://openalex.org/W4207040857","https://openalex.org/W4283728316","https://openalex.org/W4289523608","https://openalex.org/W4318262241","https://openalex.org/W6604955867","https://openalex.org/W6637661140","https://openalex.org/W6682137061","https://openalex.org/W6684191040","https://openalex.org/W6685453634","https://openalex.org/W6703768023","https://openalex.org/W6769863790"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3208266890","https://openalex.org/W2996933976","https://openalex.org/W2345184372","https://openalex.org/W3052481912","https://openalex.org/W3013515612","https://openalex.org/W2136184105","https://openalex.org/W2295021132","https://openalex.org/W2187500075","https://openalex.org/W2378448154","https://openalex.org/W3148519004"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Spammers":[0],"have":[1],"created":[2],"a":[3,33,49],"new":[4],"kind":[5],"of":[6,145],"electronic":[7],"mail":[8],"(e-mail)":[9],"called":[10],"image-based":[11,96],"spam":[12,16,117],"to":[13,36,57,88,105,112],"bypass":[14],"text-based":[15],"filters.":[17],"Unfortunately,":[18],"these":[19],"images":[20],"contain":[21],"harmful":[22],"links":[23],"that":[24,142],"can":[25,40],"infect":[26],"the":[27,65,75,90,99,106,136,150],"user\u2019s":[28],"computer":[29],"system":[30],"and":[31,44,130],"take":[32],"long":[34],"time":[35],"be":[37],"deleted,":[38],"which":[39,70],"hamper":[41],"users\u2019":[42],"productivity":[43],"security.":[45],"In":[46],"this":[47,59],"paper,":[48],"hybrid":[50],"deep":[51],"neural":[52,67],"network":[53,68],"architecture":[54],"is":[55,62,86],"suggested":[56],"address":[58],"problem.":[60],"It":[61],"based":[63],"on":[64],"convolution":[66],"(CNN),":[69],"has":[71],"been":[72],"enhanced":[73,83],"with":[74,84],"convolutional":[76],"block":[77],"attention":[78],"module":[79],"(CBAM).":[80],"Initially,":[81],"CNN":[82],"CBAM":[85],"used":[87,134],"extract":[89],"most":[91],"crucial":[92],"information":[93],"from":[94],"each":[95],"e-mail.":[97],"Then,":[98],"generated":[100],"feature":[101],"vectors":[102],"are":[103],"fed":[104],"support":[107],"vector":[108],"machine":[109],"(SVM)":[110],"model":[111,148],"classify":[113],"them":[114],"as":[115],"either":[116],"or":[118],"ham.":[119],"Four":[120],"datasets\u2014including":[121],"Image":[122],"Spam":[123],"Hunter":[124],"(ISH),":[125],"Annadatha,":[126],"Chavda":[127,131],"Approach":[128,132],"1,":[129],"2\u2014are":[133],"in":[135,143],"experiments.":[137],"The":[138],"obtained":[139],"results":[140],"demonstrated":[141],"terms":[144],"accuracy,":[146],"our":[147],"exceeds":[149],"existing":[151],"state-of-the-art":[152],"methods.":[153]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-08-18T07:49:30.821534","created_date":"2023-05-10T00:00:00"}