{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4318480527","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/bdcc7010027","title":"Context-Based Patterns in Machine Learning Bias and Fairness Metrics: A Sensitive Attributes-Based Approach","display_name":"Context-Based Patterns in Machine Learning Bias and Fairness Metrics: A Sensitive Attributes-Based Approach","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-01-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4318480527","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/bdcc7010027"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/bdcc7010027","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bdcc7010027","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2504-2289/7/1/27/pdf?version=1675073757","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210238752","display_name":"Big Data and Cognitive Computing","issn_l":"2504-2289","issn":["2504-2289"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Big Data and Cognitive Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2504-2289/7/1/27/pdf?version=1675073757","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051842648","display_name":"Tiago Palma Pagano","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2457-9064"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1329807341","display_name":"Servi\u00e7o Nacional de Aprendizagem Industrial","ror":"https://ror.org/035c3nf67","country_code":"BR","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1329807341"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405256755","display_name":"Universidade SENAI CIMATEC","ror":"https://ror.org/04gkha250","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405256755"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tiago P. Pagano","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computational Modeling Department, SENAI CIMATEC University Center, Salvador 41650-010, BA, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2457-9064","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computational Modeling Department, SENAI CIMATEC University Center, Salvador 41650-010, BA, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1329807341","https://openalex.org/I4405256755"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085026002","display_name":"Rafael B. Loureiro","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2404-0643"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1329807341","display_name":"Servi\u00e7o Nacional de Aprendizagem Industrial","ror":"https://ror.org/035c3nf67","country_code":"BR","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1329807341"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405256755","display_name":"Universidade SENAI CIMATEC","ror":"https://ror.org/04gkha250","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405256755"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rafael B. Loureiro","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computational Modeling Department, SENAI CIMATEC University Center, Salvador 41650-010, BA, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2404-0643","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computational Modeling Department, SENAI CIMATEC University Center, Salvador 41650-010, BA, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1329807341","https://openalex.org/I4405256755"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063443360","display_name":"Fernanda V. N. Lisboa","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1329807341","display_name":"Servi\u00e7o Nacional de Aprendizagem Industrial","ror":"https://ror.org/035c3nf67","country_code":"BR","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1329807341"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405256755","display_name":"Universidade SENAI CIMATEC","ror":"https://ror.org/04gkha250","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405256755"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fernanda V. N. Lisboa","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Engineering, SENAI CIMATEC University Center, Salvador 41650-010, BA, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5203-2408","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Engineering, SENAI CIMATEC University Center, Salvador 41650-010, BA, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1329807341","https://openalex.org/I4405256755"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071847598","display_name":"Gustavo O. R. Cruz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4613-9342"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1329807341","display_name":"Servi\u00e7o Nacional de Aprendizagem Industrial","ror":"https://ror.org/035c3nf67","country_code":"BR","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1329807341"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405256755","display_name":"Universidade SENAI CIMATEC","ror":"https://ror.org/04gkha250","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405256755"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gustavo O. R. Cruz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Engineering, SENAI CIMATEC University Center, Salvador 41650-010, BA, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4613-9342","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Engineering, SENAI CIMATEC University Center, Salvador 41650-010, BA, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1329807341","https://openalex.org/I4405256755"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000563103","display_name":"Rodrigo M. Peixoto","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6405-1593"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rodrigo M. Peixoto","raw_affiliation_strings":["Software Development Department, Salvador 41650-010, BA, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6405-1593","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Software Development Department, Salvador 41650-010, BA, Brazil","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039516765","display_name":"Guilherme A. de Sousa Guimar\u00e3es","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7407-5908"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guilherme A. de Sousa Guimar\u00e3es","raw_affiliation_strings":["Software Development Department, Salvador 41650-010, BA, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7407-5908","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Software Development Department, Salvador 41650-010, BA, Brazil","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060782998","display_name":"Ewerton L. S. Oliveira","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3160-3571"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ewerton L. S. Oliveira","raw_affiliation_strings":["HP Inc. Brazil R&D, Porto Alegre 90619-900, RS, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3160-3571","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"HP Inc. Brazil R&D, Porto Alegre 90619-900, RS, Brazil","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020564129","display_name":"Ingrid Winkler","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6505-6636"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1329807341","display_name":"Servi\u00e7o Nacional de Aprendizagem Industrial","ror":"https://ror.org/035c3nf67","country_code":"BR","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1329807341"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405256755","display_name":"Universidade SENAI CIMATEC","ror":"https://ror.org/04gkha250","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405256755"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ingrid Winkler","raw_affiliation_strings":["Management and Industrial Technology Department, SENAI CIMATEC University Center, Salvador 41650-010, BA, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6505-6636","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Management and Industrial Technology Department, SENAI CIMATEC University Center, Salvador 41650-010, BA, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1329807341","https://openalex.org/I4405256755"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004611294","display_name":"Erick Giovani Sperandio Nascimento","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2219-0290"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1329807341","display_name":"Servi\u00e7o Nacional de Aprendizagem Industrial","ror":"https://ror.org/035c3nf67","country_code":"BR","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1329807341"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28290843","display_name":"University of Surrey","ror":"https://ror.org/00ks66431","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28290843"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405256755","display_name":"Universidade SENAI CIMATEC","ror":"https://ror.org/04gkha250","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405256755"]}],"countries":["BR","GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Erick G. Sperandio Nascimento","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computational Modeling Department, SENAI CIMATEC University Center, Salvador 41650-010, BA, Brazil","Surrey Institute for People-Centred AI, School of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2219-0290","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computational Modeling Department, SENAI CIMATEC University Center, Salvador 41650-010, BA, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1329807341","https://openalex.org/I4405256755"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Surrey Institute for People-Centred AI, School of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28290843"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5004611294"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1329807341","https://openalex.org/I28290843","https://openalex.org/I4405256755"],"apc_list":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1782},"apc_paid":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1782},"fwci":2.159,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":10,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.89245482,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":"1","first_page":"27","last_page":"27"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.9961000084877014,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.9961000084877014,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12026","display_name":"Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)","score":0.9591000080108643,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.9409000277519226,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7896740436553955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.6921851634979248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.667799174785614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/precision-and-recall","display_name":"Precision and recall","score":0.5387751460075378},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/identification","display_name":"Identification (biology)","score":0.4856244623661041},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.43943628668785095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/jigsaw","display_name":"Jigsaw","score":0.4223363995552063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.39704447984695435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.3476668894290924}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7896740436553955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.6921851634979248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.667799174785614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81669768","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2359161","display_name":"Precision and recall","level":2,"score":0.5387751460075378},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.4856244623661041},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.43943628668785095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779405079","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q356040","display_name":"Jigsaw","level":2,"score":0.4223363995552063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.39704447984695435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.3476668894290924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59822182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q441","display_name":"Botany","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19417346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7922","display_name":"Pedagogy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/bdcc7010027","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bdcc7010027","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2504-2289/7/1/27/pdf?version=1675073757","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210238752","display_name":"Big Data and Cognitive Computing","issn_l":"2504-2289","issn":["2504-2289"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Big Data and Cognitive Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:da7d791d0a5b45dcb6bfc7c486cd58f7","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/da7d791d0a5b45dcb6bfc7c486cd58f7","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Big Data and Cognitive Computing, Vol 7, Iss 1, p 27 (2023)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2504-2289/7/1/27/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bdcc7010027","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Big Data and Cognitive Computing","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/bdcc7010027","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bdcc7010027","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2504-2289/7/1/27/pdf?version=1675073757","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210238752","display_name":"Big Data and Cognitive Computing","issn_l":"2504-2289","issn":["2504-2289"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Big Data and Cognitive Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.46000000834465027,"display_name":"Quality Education"},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/5","score":0.44999998807907104,"display_name":"Gender equality"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7673122410","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"308783/2020-4","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322025","funder_display_name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320317600","display_name":"SENAI CIMATEC","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322025","display_name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","ror":"https://ror.org/03swz6y49"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4318480527.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":38,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1966716734","https://openalex.org/W2219888463","https://openalex.org/W2475334473","https://openalex.org/W2614794251","https://openalex.org/W2767437859","https://openalex.org/W2871667416","https://openalex.org/W2897042519","https://openalex.org/W2918618364","https://openalex.org/W2925869122","https://openalex.org/W2955034385","https://openalex.org/W2956281901","https://openalex.org/W2974817986","https://openalex.org/W2980540915","https://openalex.org/W3012041784","https://openalex.org/W3030081171","https://openalex.org/W3032574806","https://openalex.org/W3041982716","https://openalex.org/W3048956072","https://openalex.org/W3091828365","https://openalex.org/W3097103183","https://openalex.org/W3100279624","https://openalex.org/W3101206394","https://openalex.org/W3111505403","https://openalex.org/W3135571688","https://openalex.org/W3166964094","https://openalex.org/W3172205429","https://openalex.org/W3175614717","https://openalex.org/W3209174711","https://openalex.org/W4239918117","https://openalex.org/W4281889937","https://openalex.org/W4288058270","https://openalex.org/W4306795304","https://openalex.org/W4316038168","https://openalex.org/W6683583401","https://openalex.org/W6739901393","https://openalex.org/W6746560448","https://openalex.org/W6757184495","https://openalex.org/W6766110768"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4313442009","https://openalex.org/W3106062205","https://openalex.org/W3083639670","https://openalex.org/W2291971009","https://openalex.org/W2614642134","https://openalex.org/W3112136298","https://openalex.org/W2352772529","https://openalex.org/W1951652671","https://openalex.org/W2530909253","https://openalex.org/W2541109885"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,118,135],"majority":[1],"of":[2,43,49,62,104],"current":[3],"approaches":[4],"for":[5,18,26,87,100,141,209,220,270],"bias":[6,50,89,198],"and":[7,33,51,90,115,132,154,169,173,181,199,218,226],"fairness":[8,52,193,233,268],"identification":[9],"or":[10],"mitigation":[11],"in":[12,46,84,106,126,144,150,157,265],"machine":[13,107],"learning":[14,108],"models":[15,163],"are":[16],"applications":[17,105],"a":[19,71,97,206,252,262,271],"particular":[20],"issue":[21],"that":[22,256],"fails":[23],"to":[24,40,58,74,81,235],"account":[25],"the":[27,30,41,47,60,66,93,145,151,158,166,177,210,221,236,243,257,267],"connection":[28],"between":[29],"application":[31,48,216],"context":[32],"its":[34],"associated":[35],"sensitive":[36,67,212,238,258],"attributes,":[37,241],"which":[38],"contributes":[39],"recognition":[42,143],"consistent":[44,207],"patterns":[45,83],"metrics.":[53,76,194],"This":[54],"can":[55],"be":[56],"used":[57,125],"drive":[59],"development":[61],"future":[63],"models,":[64],"with":[65],"attribute":[68,95,120,213,259],"acting":[69],"as":[70,96,185,187],"connecting":[72],"element":[73],"these":[75],"Hence,":[77],"this":[78,249],"study":[79,122],"aims":[80],"analyze":[82],"several":[85],"metrics":[86,196,229,269],"identifying":[88],"fairness,":[91,200],"applying":[92],"gender-sensitive":[94],"case":[98,121],"study,":[99],"three":[101],"different":[102,215],"areas":[103],"models:":[109],"computer":[110,127],"vision,":[111,128],"natural":[112,129],"language":[113,130],"processing,":[114,131],"recommendation":[116,133],"systems.":[117,134],"gender":[119],"has":[123],"been":[124],"method":[136],"entailed":[137],"creating":[138],"use":[139],"cases":[140],"facial":[142],"FairFace":[146],"dataset,":[147,153,160],"message":[148],"toxicity":[149],"Jigsaw":[152],"movie":[155],"recommendations":[156],"MovieLens100K":[159],"then":[161],"developing":[162],"based":[164],"on":[165,242],"VGG19,":[167],"BERT,":[168],"Wide":[170],"Deep":[171],"architectures":[172],"evaluating":[174],"them":[175],"using":[176,191],"accuracy,":[178],"precision,":[179],"recall,":[180],"F1-score":[182],"classification":[183],"metrics,":[184],"well":[186],"assessing":[188],"their":[189],"outcomes":[190],"fourteen":[192],"Certain":[195],"disclosed":[197],"while":[201],"others":[202],"did":[203,246],"not,":[204],"revealing":[205],"pattern":[208],"same":[211],"across":[214,230],"domains,":[217,231],"similarities":[219],"statistical":[222],"parity,":[223],"PPR":[224],"disparity,":[225],"error":[227],"disparity":[228],"indicating":[232],"related":[234],"studied":[237],"attribute.":[239],"Some":[240],"other":[244],"hand,":[245],"not":[247],"follow":[248],"pattern.":[250],"As":[251],"result,":[253],"we":[254],"conclude":[255],"may":[260],"play":[261],"crucial":[263],"role":[264],"defining":[266],"specific":[272],"context.":[273]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-07-30T17:31:21.811387","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
