{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4316038168","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/bdcc7010015","title":"Bias and Unfairness in Machine Learning Models: A Systematic Review on Datasets, Tools, Fairness Metrics, and Identification and Mitigation Methods","display_name":"Bias and Unfairness in Machine Learning Models: A Systematic Review on Datasets, Tools, Fairness Metrics, and Identification and Mitigation Methods","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-01-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4316038168","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/bdcc7010015"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/bdcc7010015","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/bdcc7010015","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2504-2289/7/1/15/pdf?version=1674136071","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210238752","display_name":"Big Data and Cognitive Computing","issn_l":"2504-2289","issn":["2504-2289"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Big Data and Cognitive Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"review","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2504-2289/7/1/15/pdf?version=1674136071","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051842648","display_name":"Tiago Palma Pagano","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2457-9064"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1329807341","display_name":"Servi\u00e7o Nacional de Aprendizagem Industrial","ror":"https://ror.org/035c3nf67","country_code":"BR","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1329807341"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405256755","display_name":"Universidade SENAI CIMATEC","ror":"https://ror.org/04gkha250","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405256755"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tiago P. Pagano","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computational Modeling Department, SENAI CIMATEC University Center, Salvador 41650-010, BA, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2457-9064","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computational Modeling Department, SENAI CIMATEC University Center, Salvador 41650-010, BA, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1329807341","https://openalex.org/I4405256755"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085026002","display_name":"Rafael B. Loureiro","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2404-0643"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1329807341","display_name":"Servi\u00e7o Nacional de Aprendizagem Industrial","ror":"https://ror.org/035c3nf67","country_code":"BR","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1329807341"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405256755","display_name":"Universidade SENAI CIMATEC","ror":"https://ror.org/04gkha250","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405256755"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rafael B. Loureiro","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computational Modeling Department, SENAI CIMATEC University Center, Salvador 41650-010, BA, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2404-0643","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computational Modeling Department, SENAI CIMATEC University Center, Salvador 41650-010, BA, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1329807341","https://openalex.org/I4405256755"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063443360","display_name":"Fernanda V. N. Lisboa","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1329807341","display_name":"Servi\u00e7o Nacional de Aprendizagem Industrial","ror":"https://ror.org/035c3nf67","country_code":"BR","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1329807341"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405256755","display_name":"Universidade SENAI CIMATEC","ror":"https://ror.org/04gkha250","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405256755"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fernanda V. N. Lisboa","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computing Engineering Department, SENAI CIMATEC University Center, Salvador 41650-010, BA, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5203-2408","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computing Engineering Department, SENAI CIMATEC University Center, Salvador 41650-010, BA, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1329807341","https://openalex.org/I4405256755"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000563103","display_name":"Rodrigo M. Peixoto","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6405-1593"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1329807341","display_name":"Servi\u00e7o Nacional de Aprendizagem Industrial","ror":"https://ror.org/035c3nf67","country_code":"BR","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1329807341"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405256755","display_name":"Universidade SENAI CIMATEC","ror":"https://ror.org/04gkha250","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405256755"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rodrigo M. Peixoto","raw_affiliation_strings":["Software Development Department, SENAI CIMATEC University Center, Salvador 41650-010, BA, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6405-1593","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Software Development Department, SENAI CIMATEC University Center, Salvador 41650-010, BA, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1329807341","https://openalex.org/I4405256755"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039516765","display_name":"Guilherme A. de Sousa Guimar\u00e3es","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7407-5908"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1329807341","display_name":"Servi\u00e7o Nacional de Aprendizagem Industrial","ror":"https://ror.org/035c3nf67","country_code":"BR","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1329807341"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405256755","display_name":"Universidade SENAI CIMATEC","ror":"https://ror.org/04gkha250","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405256755"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guilherme A. S. Guimar\u00e3es","raw_affiliation_strings":["Software Development Department, SENAI CIMATEC University Center, Salvador 41650-010, BA, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7407-5908","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Software Development Department, SENAI CIMATEC University Center, Salvador 41650-010, BA, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1329807341","https://openalex.org/I4405256755"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071847598","display_name":"Gustavo O. R. Cruz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4613-9342"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1329807341","display_name":"Servi\u00e7o Nacional de Aprendizagem Industrial","ror":"https://ror.org/035c3nf67","country_code":"BR","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1329807341"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405256755","display_name":"Universidade SENAI CIMATEC","ror":"https://ror.org/04gkha250","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405256755"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gustavo O. R. Cruz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Software Development Department, SENAI CIMATEC University Center, Salvador 41650-010, BA, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4613-9342","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Software Development Department, SENAI CIMATEC University Center, Salvador 41650-010, BA, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1329807341","https://openalex.org/I4405256755"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036120514","display_name":"Maira M. Araujo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5564-4781"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1329807341","display_name":"Servi\u00e7o Nacional de Aprendizagem Industrial","ror":"https://ror.org/035c3nf67","country_code":"BR","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1329807341"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405256755","display_name":"Universidade SENAI CIMATEC","ror":"https://ror.org/04gkha250","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405256755"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Maira M. Araujo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computing Engineering Department, SENAI CIMATEC University Center, Salvador 41650-010, BA, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5564-4781","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computing Engineering Department, SENAI CIMATEC University Center, Salvador 41650-010, BA, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1329807341","https://openalex.org/I4405256755"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061437347","display_name":"Lucas Lisboa dos Santos","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5949-8515"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1329807341","display_name":"Servi\u00e7o Nacional de Aprendizagem Industrial","ror":"https://ror.org/035c3nf67","country_code":"BR","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1329807341"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405256755","display_name":"Universidade SENAI CIMATEC","ror":"https://ror.org/04gkha250","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405256755"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lucas L. Santos","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computational Modeling Department, SENAI CIMATEC University Center, Salvador 41650-010, BA, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5949-8515","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computational Modeling Department, SENAI CIMATEC University Center, Salvador 41650-010, BA, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1329807341","https://openalex.org/I4405256755"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072917598","display_name":"Marco A S Cruz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7196-1237"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marco A. S. Cruz","raw_affiliation_strings":["HP Inc. Brazil R&D, Porto Alegre 90619-900, RS, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7196-1237","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"HP Inc. Brazil R&D, Porto Alegre 90619-900, RS, Brazil","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060782998","display_name":"Ewerton L. S. Oliveira","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3160-3571"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ewerton L. S. Oliveira","raw_affiliation_strings":["HP Inc. Brazil R&D, Porto Alegre 90619-900, RS, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3160-3571","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"HP Inc. Brazil R&D, Porto Alegre 90619-900, RS, Brazil","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020564129","display_name":"Ingrid Winkler","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6505-6636"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1329807341","display_name":"Servi\u00e7o Nacional de Aprendizagem Industrial","ror":"https://ror.org/035c3nf67","country_code":"BR","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1329807341"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405256755","display_name":"Universidade SENAI CIMATEC","ror":"https://ror.org/04gkha250","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405256755"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ingrid Winkler","raw_affiliation_strings":["Management and Industrial Technology Department, SENAI CIMATEC University Center, Salvador 41650-010, BA, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6505-6636","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Management and Industrial Technology Department, SENAI CIMATEC University Center, Salvador 41650-010, BA, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1329807341","https://openalex.org/I4405256755"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004611294","display_name":"Erick Giovani Sperandio Nascimento","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2219-0290"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1329807341","display_name":"Servi\u00e7o Nacional de Aprendizagem Industrial","ror":"https://ror.org/035c3nf67","country_code":"BR","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1329807341"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28290843","display_name":"University of Surrey","ror":"https://ror.org/00ks66431","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28290843"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405256755","display_name":"Universidade SENAI CIMATEC","ror":"https://ror.org/04gkha250","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405256755"]}],"countries":["BR","GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Erick G. S. Nascimento","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computational Modeling Department, SENAI CIMATEC University Center, Salvador 41650-010, BA, Brazil","Surrey Institute for People-Centred AI, School of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2219-0290","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computational Modeling Department, SENAI CIMATEC University Center, Salvador 41650-010, BA, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1329807341","https://openalex.org/I4405256755"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Surrey Institute for People-Centred AI, School of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28290843"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5004611294"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1329807341","https://openalex.org/I28290843","https://openalex.org/I4405256755"],"apc_list":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1782},"apc_paid":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1782},"fwci":14.9708,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":284,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99502488,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":"1","first_page":"15","last_page":"15"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12026","display_name":"Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)","score":0.9519000053405762,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10764","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data","score":0.9490000009536743,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6882521510124207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.6132171154022217},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/identification","display_name":"Identification (biology)","score":0.5983108282089233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/systematic-review","display_name":"Systematic review","score":0.5340994596481323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scopus","display_name":"Scopus","score":0.5080945491790771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/selection-bias","display_name":"Selection bias","score":0.486347496509552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/preprocessor","display_name":"Preprocessor","score":0.46399614214897156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4565347135066986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.4412974715232849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.34476178884506226},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.10475879907608032}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6882521510124207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.6132171154022217},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.5983108282089233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189708586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1504425","display_name":"Systematic review","level":3,"score":0.5340994596481323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83867959","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q371467","display_name":"Scopus","level":3,"score":0.5080945491790771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40423286","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q284172","display_name":"Selection bias","level":2,"score":0.486347496509552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34736171","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q918333","display_name":"Preprocessor","level":2,"score":0.46399614214897156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4565347135066986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.4412974715232849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.34476178884506226},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.10475879907608032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779473830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1540899","display_name":"MEDLINE","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59822182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q441","display_name":"Botany","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/bdcc7010015","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/bdcc7010015","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2504-2289/7/1/15/pdf?version=1674136071","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210238752","display_name":"Big Data and Cognitive Computing","issn_l":"2504-2289","issn":["2504-2289"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Big Data and Cognitive Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:28c4c50f82ee419a9573c4b45b032d45","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/28c4c50f82ee419a9573c4b45b032d45","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Big Data and Cognitive Computing, Vol 7, Iss 1, p 15 (2023)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2504-2289/7/1/15/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bdcc7010015","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Big Data and Cognitive Computing; Volume 7; Issue 1; Pages: 15","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/bdcc7010015","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/bdcc7010015","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2504-2289/7/1/15/pdf?version=1674136071","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210238752","display_name":"Big Data and Cognitive Computing","issn_l":"2504-2289","issn":["2504-2289"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Big Data and Cognitive Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","score":0.6600000262260437}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7673122410","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"308783/2020-4","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322025","funder_display_name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320317600","display_name":"SENAI CIMATEC","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322025","display_name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","ror":"https://ror.org/03swz6y49"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4316038168.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":82,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1528081447","https://openalex.org/W1588170973","https://openalex.org/W1834627138","https://openalex.org/W2085988980","https://openalex.org/W2475334473","https://openalex.org/W2614794251","https://openalex.org/W2755950973","https://openalex.org/W2767437859","https://openalex.org/W2809878087","https://openalex.org/W2897042519","https://openalex.org/W2916781075","https://openalex.org/W2918618364","https://openalex.org/W2925869122","https://openalex.org/W2937400655","https://openalex.org/W2943447671","https://openalex.org/W2945933015","https://openalex.org/W2955034385","https://openalex.org/W2956281901","https://openalex.org/W2963483681","https://openalex.org/W2965211237","https://openalex.org/W2966864175","https://openalex.org/W2969625533","https://openalex.org/W2973651390","https://openalex.org/W2974817986","https://openalex.org/W2980540915","https://openalex.org/W2981836045","https://openalex.org/W3000235744","https://openalex.org/W3003913392","https://openalex.org/W3004328184","https://openalex.org/W3012041784","https://openalex.org/W3014864784","https://openalex.org/W3023078435","https://openalex.org/W3030081171","https://openalex.org/W3035447285","https://openalex.org/W3037294637","https://openalex.org/W3041982716","https://openalex.org/W3048367007","https://openalex.org/W3085638346","https://openalex.org/W3086663505","https://openalex.org/W3091828365","https://openalex.org/W3100279624","https://openalex.org/W3101206394","https://openalex.org/W3101662419","https://openalex.org/W3118615836","https://openalex.org/W3121950587","https://openalex.org/W3123693488","https://openalex.org/W3123703626","https://openalex.org/W3132556242","https://openalex.org/W3134439870","https://openalex.org/W3134508370","https://openalex.org/W3135571688","https://openalex.org/W3136072752","https://openalex.org/W3157152980","https://openalex.org/W3158735461","https://openalex.org/W3162922192","https://openalex.org/W3166964094","https://openalex.org/W3170813101","https://openalex.org/W3170912872","https://openalex.org/W3170933632","https://openalex.org/W3172205429","https://openalex.org/W3175050552","https://openalex.org/W3177313640","https://openalex.org/W3188058141","https://openalex.org/W3191705604","https://openalex.org/W3209174711","https://openalex.org/W4210736086","https://openalex.org/W4211012838","https://openalex.org/W4213285267","https://openalex.org/W4214835294","https://openalex.org/W4220757391","https://openalex.org/W4229075482","https://openalex.org/W4239918117","https://openalex.org/W4285004989","https://openalex.org/W4288058270","https://openalex.org/W4294685900","https://openalex.org/W4296926222","https://openalex.org/W6739901393","https://openalex.org/W6744394771","https://openalex.org/W6757184495","https://openalex.org/W6766110768","https://openalex.org/W6791519635","https://openalex.org/W6798345263"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4389095033","https://openalex.org/W3140300071","https://openalex.org/W2018488738","https://openalex.org/W2552566180","https://openalex.org/W4233273178","https://openalex.org/W4210604288","https://openalex.org/W4380081217","https://openalex.org/W2120516750","https://openalex.org/W4288434538","https://openalex.org/W4385436685"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"One":[0],"of":[1,4,17,79,95,115,142,146,167,183,197,218,228,239,245,313],"the":[2,39,54,74,113,143,158,180,211,222,229,243,260,266,311,314],"difficulties":[3],"artificial":[5],"intelligence":[6],"is":[7,58,221,242,291],"to":[8,28,157,262,293,319],"ensure":[9],"that":[10,112,269,284,307],"model":[11,289],"decisions":[12,322],"are":[13,26,251,297,323],"fair":[14],"and":[15,24,30,34,44,57,70,81,86,93,105,107,121,124,133,150,161,172,208,247,258,283],"free":[16],"bias.":[18,35,188],"In":[19,140,216],"research,":[20],"datasets,":[21],"metrics,":[22,132],"techniques,":[23,126],"tools":[25,230],"applied":[27],"detect":[29],"mitigate":[31],"algorithmic":[32],"unfairness":[33,45,122],"This":[36],"study":[37],"examines":[38],"current":[40,240],"knowledge":[41,84],"on":[42,60,101,119],"bias":[43,120,138],"in":[46,73,155,186,234,253],"machine":[47],"learning":[48],"models.":[49],"The":[50,63,165,189],"systematic":[51],"review":[52],"followed":[53],"PRISMA":[55],"guidelines":[56],"registered":[59],"OSF":[61],"plataform.":[62],"search":[64,102],"was":[65],"carried":[66],"out":[67],"between":[68,91],"2021":[69],"early":[71],"2022":[72],"Scopus,":[75],"IEEE":[76],"Xplore,":[77],"Web":[78],"Science,":[80],"Google":[82],"Scholar":[83],"bases":[85],"found":[87,252],"128":[88],"articles":[89],"published":[90],"2017":[92],"2022,":[94],"which":[96,250,295],"45":[97],"were":[98,153,231],"chosen":[99,192],"based":[100],"string":[103],"optimization":[104],"inclusion":[106],"exclusion":[108],"criteria.":[109],"We":[110,304],"discovered":[111],"majority":[114,212],"retrieved":[116],"works":[117,257],"focus":[118],"identification":[123],"mitigation":[125,163],"offering":[127],"tools,":[128,219],"statistical":[129],"approaches,":[130],"important":[131],"datasets":[134,191],"typically":[135],"used":[136],"for":[137,278,300],"experiments.":[139,236],"terms":[141,217],"primary":[144,176],"forms":[145],"bias,":[147],"data,":[148],"algorithm,":[149,315],"user":[151],"interaction":[152],"addressed":[154,310],"connection":[156],"preprocessing,":[159],"in-processing,":[160],"postprocessing":[162],"methods.":[164],"use":[166,281],"Equalized":[168],"Odds,":[169],"Opportunity":[170],"Equality,":[171],"Demographic":[173],"Parity":[174],"as":[175],"fairness":[177,271],"metrics":[178,272],"emphasizes":[179],"crucial":[181],"role":[182],"sensitive":[184,214],"attributes":[185],"mitigating":[187],"25":[190],"span":[193],"a":[194,255,279,301],"wide":[195],"range":[196],"areas,":[198],"including":[199,213],"criminal":[200],"justice":[201],"image":[202],"enhancement,":[203],"finance,":[204],"education,":[205],"product":[206],"pricing,":[207],"health,":[209],"with":[210,287],"attributes.":[215],"Aequitas":[220],"most":[223],"often":[224],"referenced,":[225],"yet":[226],"many":[227],"not":[232,274],"employed":[233],"empirical":[235],"A":[237],"limitation":[238],"research":[241,286,309],"lack":[244],"multiclass":[246],"multimetric":[248],"studies,":[249],"just":[254],"few":[256],"constrain":[259],"investigation":[261],"binary-focused":[263],"method.":[264],"Furthermore,":[265],"results":[267,277],"indicate":[268],"different":[270],"do":[273],"present":[275],"uniform":[276],"given":[280,302],"case,":[282],"more":[285,298],"varied":[288],"architectures":[290],"necessary":[292],"standardize":[294],"ones":[296],"appropriate":[299],"context.":[303],"also":[305],"observed":[306],"all":[308],"transparency":[312],"or":[316],"its":[317],"capacity":[318],"explain":[320],"how":[321],"taken.":[324]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":54},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":128},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":74},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":28}],"updated_date":"2026-07-31T08:31:51.225901","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
