{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4307552589","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/bdcc6040128","title":"Facial Age Estimation Using Machine Learning Techniques: An Overview","display_name":"Facial Age Estimation Using Machine Learning Techniques: An Overview","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-10-26","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4307552589","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/bdcc6040128"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/bdcc6040128","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/bdcc6040128","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2504-2289/6/4/128/pdf?version=1666780750","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210238752","display_name":"Big Data and Cognitive Computing","issn_l":"2504-2289","issn":["2504-2289"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Big Data and Cognitive Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2504-2289/6/4/128/pdf?version=1666780750","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031861646","display_name":"Khaled ELKarazle","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7545-1605"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I96413208","display_name":"Swinburne University of Technology Sarawak Campus","ror":"https://ror.org/014cjmc76","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I57093077","https://openalex.org/I96413208"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Khaled ELKarazle","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information and Communication Technologies, Swinburne University of Technology (Sarawak Campus), Sarawak 93350, Malaysia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information and Communication Technologies, Swinburne University of Technology (Sarawak Campus), Sarawak 93350, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I96413208"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069025501","display_name":"Valliappan Raman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9363-2319"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Valliappan Raman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Artificial Intelligence and Data Science, Coimbatore Institute of Technology, Coimbatore 641014, India"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Artificial Intelligence and Data Science, Coimbatore Institute of Technology, Coimbatore 641014, India","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025080623","display_name":"Patrick Then","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6079-2527"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I96413208","display_name":"Swinburne University of Technology Sarawak Campus","ror":"https://ror.org/014cjmc76","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I57093077","https://openalex.org/I96413208"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Patrick Then","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information and Communication Technologies, Swinburne University of Technology (Sarawak Campus), Sarawak 93350, Malaysia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information and Communication Technologies, Swinburne University of Technology (Sarawak Campus), Sarawak 93350, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I96413208"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5031861646"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I96413208"],"apc_list":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"apc_paid":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"fwci":2.8185,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":28,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92116886,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"6","issue":"4","first_page":"128","last_page":"128"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/estimation","display_name":"Estimation","score":0.7610540986061096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7476934790611267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmark","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","score":0.6459547877311707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/identification","display_name":"Identification (biology)","score":0.6202038526535034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biometrics","display_name":"Biometrics","score":0.6040645837783813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.5515972971916199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5124940872192383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.3794745206832886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.08650568127632141}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96250715","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q965330","display_name":"Estimation","level":2,"score":0.7610540986061096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7476934790611267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.6459547877311707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.6202038526535034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184297639","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177765","display_name":"Biometrics","level":2,"score":0.6040645837783813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.5515972971916199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5124940872192383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.3794745206832886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.08650568127632141},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59822182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q441","display_name":"Botany","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/bdcc6040128","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/bdcc6040128","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2504-2289/6/4/128/pdf?version=1666780750","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210238752","display_name":"Big Data and Cognitive Computing","issn_l":"2504-2289","issn":["2504-2289"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Big Data and Cognitive Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:7b341063a4174862a2da96d9fc4a79a1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/7b341063a4174862a2da96d9fc4a79a1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Big Data and Cognitive Computing, Vol 6, Iss 4, p 128 (2022)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2504-2289/6/4/128/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bdcc6040128","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Big Data and Cognitive Computing; Volume 6; Issue 4; Pages: 128","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/bdcc6040128","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/bdcc6040128","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2504-2289/6/4/128/pdf?version=1666780750","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210238752","display_name":"Big Data and Cognitive Computing","issn_l":"2504-2289","issn":["2504-2289"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Big Data and Cognitive Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.5199999809265137,"display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320973","display_name":"Swinburne University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/031rekg67"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4307552589.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4307552589.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":63,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W45701614","https://openalex.org/W1503780554","https://openalex.org/W1524920060","https://openalex.org/W1905153633","https://openalex.org/W1916406603","https://openalex.org/W1965804146","https://openalex.org/W1996550590","https://openalex.org/W2017745767","https://openalex.org/W2030165613","https://openalex.org/W2032454342","https://openalex.org/W2061759159","https://openalex.org/W2097433204","https://openalex.org/W2105026179","https://openalex.org/W2106488920","https://openalex.org/W2109002458","https://openalex.org/W2115651492","https://openalex.org/W2118664399","https://openalex.org/W2122395774","https://openalex.org/W2122429065","https://openalex.org/W2148043509","https://openalex.org/W2152586002","https://openalex.org/W2158844819","https://openalex.org/W2163352848","https://openalex.org/W2163808566","https://openalex.org/W2164598857","https://openalex.org/W2183341477","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2239239723","https://openalex.org/W2249451056","https://openalex.org/W2440214111","https://openalex.org/W2475319345","https://openalex.org/W2475735664","https://openalex.org/W2510725918","https://openalex.org/W2531409750","https://openalex.org/W2533358335","https://openalex.org/W2592232824","https://openalex.org/W2618530766","https://openalex.org/W2663800299","https://openalex.org/W2731793484","https://openalex.org/W2735797020","https://openalex.org/W2752782242","https://openalex.org/W2807323414","https://openalex.org/W2809254203","https://openalex.org/W2909807406","https://openalex.org/W2957964463","https://openalex.org/W2962786991","https://openalex.org/W2963410617","https://openalex.org/W2963446712","https://openalex.org/W2963470893","https://openalex.org/W2963802733","https://openalex.org/W2964081807","https://openalex.org/W2964350391","https://openalex.org/W3000626837","https://openalex.org/W3002784998","https://openalex.org/W3026999132","https://openalex.org/W3134949695","https://openalex.org/W3205754902","https://openalex.org/W3215074372","https://openalex.org/W4226266420","https://openalex.org/W4254826593","https://openalex.org/W6683411478","https://openalex.org/W6684191040","https://openalex.org/W6739509182"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2378211422","https://openalex.org/W2076845124","https://openalex.org/W4321353415","https://openalex.org/W2745001401","https://openalex.org/W2183964146","https://openalex.org/W2379932303","https://openalex.org/W2130974462","https://openalex.org/W2095239294","https://openalex.org/W3147744369","https://openalex.org/W2353749315"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Automatic":[0],"age":[1,37,62,67,100,122,137],"estimation":[2,38,68,101,123,138],"from":[3,60],"facial":[4,85],"images":[5],"is":[6],"an":[7,65],"exciting":[8],"machine":[9],"learning":[10],"topic":[11],"that":[12,57,119],"has":[13],"attracted":[14],"researchers\u2019":[15],"attention":[16],"over":[17],"the":[18,52,77,94,103,113,130,143,147,151],"past":[19],"several":[20],"years.":[21],"Numerous":[22],"human\u2013computer":[23],"interaction":[24],"applications,":[25],"such":[26,45,73],"as":[27,46,74],"targeted":[28],"marketing,":[29],"content":[30],"access":[31],"control,":[32],"or":[33,49],"soft-biometrics":[34],"systems,":[35],"employ":[36],"models":[39],"to":[40,135,142],"carry":[41],"out":[42],"secondary":[43],"tasks":[44],"user":[47],"filtering":[48],"identification.":[50],"Despite":[51],"vast":[53],"array":[54],"of":[55,81,97,112,117],"applications":[56],"could":[58],"benefit":[59],"automatic":[61,66,99],"estimation,":[63],"building":[64,98,107],"system":[69],"comes":[70],"with":[71],"issues":[72],"data":[75],"disparity,":[76],"unique":[78],"ageing":[79],"pattern":[80],"each":[82],"individual,":[83],"and":[84,110,128,154],"photo":[86],"quality.":[87],"This":[88],"paper":[89],"provides":[90],"a":[91],"survey":[92],"on":[93],"standard":[95,131],"methods":[96],"models,":[102,109],"benchmark":[104],"datasets":[105],"for":[106,157],"these":[108],"some":[111],"latest":[114],"proposed":[115],"pieces":[116],"literature":[118,153],"introduce":[120],"new":[121],"methods.":[124],"Finally,":[125],"we":[126,145],"present":[127,155],"discuss":[129,146],"evaluation":[132],"metrics":[133],"used":[134],"assess":[136],"models.":[139],"In":[140],"addition":[141],"survey,":[144],"identified":[148],"gaps":[149],"in":[150],"reviewed":[152],"recommendations":[156],"future":[158],"research.":[159]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}