{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3093414468","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/bdcc4040028","title":"A Review of Blockchain in Internet of Things and AI","display_name":"A Review of Blockchain in Internet of Things and AI","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-10-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3093414468","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/bdcc4040028","mag":"3093414468"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/bdcc4040028","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/bdcc4040028","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210238752","display_name":"Big Data and Cognitive Computing","issn_l":"2504-2289","issn":["2504-2289"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Big Data and Cognitive Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"review","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/bdcc4040028","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015475593","display_name":"Hany F. Atlam","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4142-6377"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I43439940","display_name":"University of Southampton","ror":"https://ror.org/01ryk1543","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I43439940"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63601056","display_name":"Menoufia University","ror":"https://ror.org/05sjrb944","country_code":"EG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63601056"]}],"countries":["EG","GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Hany F. Atlam","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Faculty of Electronic Engineering, Menoufia University, Menouf 32952, Egypt","Electronic and Computer Science Department, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Faculty of Electronic Engineering, Menoufia University, Menouf 32952, Egypt","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63601056"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electronic and Computer Science Department, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I43439940"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072773792","display_name":"Muhammad Ajmal Azad","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1707-018X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I22128151","display_name":"University of Derby","ror":"https://ror.org/02yhrrk59","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I22128151"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Ajmal Azad","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Engineering and Technology, University of Derby, Derby DE22 1GB, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Engineering and Technology, University of Derby, Derby DE22 1GB, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I22128151"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079637635","display_name":"Ahmed G. Alzahrani","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2282-3457"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I43439940","display_name":"University of Southampton","ror":"https://ror.org/01ryk1543","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I43439940"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ahmed G. Alzahrani","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electronic and Computer Science Department, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electronic and Computer Science Department, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I43439940"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073444134","display_name":"Gary Wills","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5771-4088"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I43439940","display_name":"University of Southampton","ror":"https://ror.org/01ryk1543","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I43439940"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gary Wills","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electronic and Computer Science Department, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electronic and Computer Science Department, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I43439940"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5015475593"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I43439940","https://openalex.org/I63601056"],"apc_list":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"apc_paid":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"fwci":27.4976,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":161,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99599846,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"4","issue":"4","first_page":"28","last_page":"28"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10273","display_name":"IoT and Edge/Fog Computing","score":0.9857000112533569,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blockchain","display_name":"Blockchain","score":0.9730138182640076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7185336351394653},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-of-things","display_name":"Internet of Things","score":0.702333927154541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-ledger","display_name":"Distributed ledger","score":0.5674387812614441},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.5173377394676208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transparency","display_name":"Transparency (behavior)","score":0.5014634132385254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/obstacle","display_name":"Obstacle","score":0.41254010796546936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.36522892117500305}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779687700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20514253","display_name":"Blockchain","level":2,"score":0.9730138182640076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7185336351394653},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81860439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q251212","display_name":"Internet of Things","level":2,"score":0.702333927154541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777541363","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25110971","display_name":"Distributed ledger","level":3,"score":0.5674387812614441},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.5173377394676208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780233690","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q535347","display_name":"Transparency (behavior)","level":2,"score":0.5014634132385254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776650193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q264661","display_name":"Obstacle","level":2,"score":0.41254010796546936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.36522892117500305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/bdcc4040028","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/bdcc4040028","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210238752","display_name":"Big Data and Cognitive Computing","issn_l":"2504-2289","issn":["2504-2289"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Big Data and Cognitive Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:f1dd158340e6405abbf7fcf0fe3ea60e","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/f1dd158340e6405abbf7fcf0fe3ea60e","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Big Data and Cognitive Computing, Vol 4, Iss 4, p 28 (2020)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2504-2289/4/4/28/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bdcc4040028","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Big Data and Cognitive Computing; Volume 4; Issue 4; Pages: 28","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/bdcc4040028","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/bdcc4040028","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210238752","display_name":"Big Data and Cognitive Computing","issn_l":"2504-2289","issn":["2504-2289"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Big Data and Cognitive Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","score":0.4300000071525574,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":91,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2003544295","https://openalex.org/W2030803081","https://openalex.org/W2182035090","https://openalex.org/W2319610334","https://openalex.org/W2338676105","https://openalex.org/W2392113277","https://openalex.org/W2402551606","https://openalex.org/W2403848141","https://openalex.org/W2413088062","https://openalex.org/W2522324130","https://openalex.org/W2583031215","https://openalex.org/W2596115488","https://openalex.org/W2602445533","https://openalex.org/W2604096638","https://openalex.org/W2611565958","https://openalex.org/W2620557324","https://openalex.org/W2621040166","https://openalex.org/W2624749297","https://openalex.org/W2624953603","https://openalex.org/W2625481008","https://openalex.org/W2749029156","https://openalex.org/W2754866430","https://openalex.org/W2765837921","https://openalex.org/W2765928069","https://openalex.org/W2768696376","https://openalex.org/W2770646953","https://openalex.org/W2779544641","https://openalex.org/W2787263245","https://openalex.org/W2791003909","https://openalex.org/W2793346081","https://openalex.org/W2803371618","https://openalex.org/W2805930283","https://openalex.org/W2807664529","https://openalex.org/W2808396996","https://openalex.org/W2809021685","https://openalex.org/W2811503583","https://openalex.org/W2834836963","https://openalex.org/W2885100636","https://openalex.org/W2895452451","https://openalex.org/W2896086940","https://openalex.org/W2898463058","https://openalex.org/W2899742646","https://openalex.org/W2902354764","https://openalex.org/W2904287849","https://openalex.org/W2905849377","https://openalex.org/W2909295468","https://openalex.org/W2909778583","https://openalex.org/W2910815950","https://openalex.org/W2911566513","https://openalex.org/W2912674158","https://openalex.org/W2921552594","https://openalex.org/W2936201262","https://openalex.org/W2943253406","https://openalex.org/W2945763718","https://openalex.org/W2946297772","https://openalex.org/W2947690458","https://openalex.org/W2953838146","https://openalex.org/W2955182473","https://openalex.org/W2963067739","https://openalex.org/W2963127923","https://openalex.org/W2963349604","https://openalex.org/W2963436925","https://openalex.org/W2963983602","https://openalex.org/W2965761488","https://openalex.org/W2973206361","https://openalex.org/W2983008824","https://openalex.org/W2983771279","https://openalex.org/W3003501715","https://openalex.org/W3005013321","https://openalex.org/W3005863228","https://openalex.org/W3008315572","https://openalex.org/W3010930715","https://openalex.org/W3028569630","https://openalex.org/W3035173296","https://openalex.org/W3101098008","https://openalex.org/W3106156134","https://openalex.org/W3123131949","https://openalex.org/W3151748982","https://openalex.org/W4205180987","https://openalex.org/W4211068006","https://openalex.org/W6658015829","https://openalex.org/W6713118677","https://openalex.org/W6713413638","https://openalex.org/W6752381507","https://openalex.org/W6752413915","https://openalex.org/W6757110121","https://openalex.org/W6757230153","https://openalex.org/W6769728547","https://openalex.org/W6785943648","https://openalex.org/W6793285265","https://openalex.org/W6805688982"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4253897078","https://openalex.org/W4283163498","https://openalex.org/W2530733036","https://openalex.org/W3160375675","https://openalex.org/W4221010187","https://openalex.org/W4320037181","https://openalex.org/W3164536060","https://openalex.org/W4360999634","https://openalex.org/W4283391561","https://openalex.org/W4381329650"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,35],"Internet":[1],"of":[2,33,53,69,73,81,101,125,137,147,160,171,191,211,227],"Things":[3],"(IoT)":[4],"represents":[5],"a":[6,50,122,144,179,198],"new":[7,26],"technology":[8,113,193],"that":[9,29],"enables":[10],"both":[11,217],"virtual":[12],"and":[13,19,24,58,98,141,163,219],"physical":[14],"objects":[15],"to":[16,91,186],"be":[17,87,195],"connected":[18],"communicate":[20],"with":[21,111,130,151,229],"each":[22],"other,":[23],"produce":[25],"digitized":[27],"services":[28],"improve":[30],"our":[31],"quality":[32],"life.":[34],"IoT":[36,74,78,110,128,139,153,173,183,202,218,228],"system":[37,129,140,154],"provides":[38,121],"several":[39],"advantages,":[40],"however,":[41],"the":[42,67,70,77,82,88,96,106,109,127,135,138,149,152,161,165,169,172,176,182,209,222],"current":[43],"centralized":[44],"architecture":[45],"introduces":[46],"numerous":[47],"issues":[48,170],"involving":[49],"single":[51],"point":[52],"failure,":[54],"security,":[55],"privacy,":[56],"transparency,":[57],"data":[59],"integrity.":[60],"These":[61],"challenges":[62],"are":[63,231],"an":[64],"obstacle":[65],"in":[66],"way":[68],"future":[71,224],"developments":[72],"applications.":[75,203],"Moving":[76],"into":[79],"one":[80],"distributed":[83,102],"ledger":[84,103],"technologies":[85,104],"may":[86],"correct":[89],"choice":[90],"resolve":[92,168],"these":[93],"issues.":[94],"Among":[95],"common":[97],"popular":[99],"types":[100],"is":[105,155,184,205],"blockchain.":[107,220],"Integrating":[108],"blockchain":[112,131,142,150,166,177,192,230],"can":[114,167,194],"bring":[115],"countless":[116],"benefits.":[117],"Therefore,":[118],"this":[119],"paper":[120],"comprehensive":[123],"discussion":[124],"integrating":[126,148,212],"technology.":[132],"After":[133],"providing":[134],"basics":[136],"technology,":[143],"thorough":[145],"review":[146],"presented":[156,185],"by":[157,207],"highlighting":[158],"benefits":[159],"integration":[162],"how":[164,188],"system.":[174],"Then,":[175],"as":[178,197],"service":[180,199],"for":[181,200],"show":[187],"various":[189,201],"features":[190],"implemented":[196],"This":[204],"followed":[206],"discussing":[208],"impact":[210],"artificial":[213],"intelligence":[214],"(AI)":[215],"on":[216],"In":[221],"end,":[223],"research":[225],"directions":[226],"presented.":[232]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":27},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":29},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":33},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":41},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":24},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-12T08:34:05.389933","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}