{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7126465465","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/axioms15020104","title":"Bayesian Optimization of Non-Invariant Systems with Constraints Developed for Application to the ECR Ion Source VENUS","display_name":"Bayesian Optimization of Non-Invariant Systems with Constraints Developed for Application to the ECR Ion Source VENUS","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-31","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7126465465","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/axioms15020104"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/axioms15020104","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/axioms15020104","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2075-1680/15/2/104/pdf?version=1770859025","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210173132","display_name":"Axioms","issn_l":"2075-1680","issn":["2075-1680"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Axioms","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2075-1680/15/2/104/pdf?version=1770859025","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5124662485","display_name":"Victor Watson","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I148283060","display_name":"Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/02jbv0t02","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I148283060","https://openalex.org/I39565521"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Victor Watson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-1122-1258","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I148283060"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Christopher M. Campbell","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3577-4316"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I148283060","display_name":"Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/02jbv0t02","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I148283060","https://openalex.org/I39565521"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christopher M. Campbell","raw_affiliation_strings":["Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3577-4316","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I148283060"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5124610468","display_name":"Heather L. Crawford","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I148283060","display_name":"Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/02jbv0t02","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I148283060","https://openalex.org/I39565521"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Heather L. Crawford","raw_affiliation_strings":["Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7765-4235","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I148283060"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5124533992","display_name":"Yue Shi Lai","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I148283060","display_name":"Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/02jbv0t02","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I148283060","https://openalex.org/I39565521"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yue Shi Lai","raw_affiliation_strings":["Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5610-2327","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I148283060"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5124610208","display_name":"Marco Salathe","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I148283060","display_name":"Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/02jbv0t02","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I148283060","https://openalex.org/I39565521"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marco Salathe","raw_affiliation_strings":["Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2484-4606","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I148283060"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076850464","display_name":"D. S. Todd","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-6684-8141"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I148283060","display_name":"Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/02jbv0t02","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I148283060","https://openalex.org/I39565521"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Damon Todd","raw_affiliation_strings":["Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-6684-8141","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I148283060"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5124662485"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I148283060"],"apc_list":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"apc_paid":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.19828216,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"2","first_page":"104","last_page":"104"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11367","display_name":"Particle accelerators and beam dynamics","score":0.8337000012397766,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11367","display_name":"Particle accelerators and beam dynamics","score":0.8337000012397766,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10597","display_name":"Nuclear reactor physics and engineering","score":0.010200000368058681,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10559","display_name":"Particle Accelerators and Free-Electron Lasers","score":0.00930000003427267,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bayesian-optimization","display_name":"Bayesian optimization","score":0.8939999938011169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/venus","display_name":"Venus","score":0.70660001039505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bayesian-probability","display_name":"Bayesian probability","score":0.5360000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/focus","display_name":"Focus (optics)","score":0.41929998993873596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optimization-problem","display_name":"Optimization problem","score":0.4059999883174896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bayesian-network","display_name":"Bayesian network","score":0.3659000098705292}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778049539","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17002908","display_name":"Bayesian optimization","level":2,"score":0.8939999938011169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779900269","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1408724","display_name":"Venus","level":2,"score":0.70660001039505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6171000003814697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107673813","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q812534","display_name":"Bayesian probability","level":2,"score":0.5360000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192209626","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190909","display_name":"Focus (optics)","level":2,"score":0.41929998993873596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137836250","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q984063","display_name":"Optimization problem","level":2,"score":0.4059999883174896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33724603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q812540","display_name":"Bayesian network","level":2,"score":0.3659000098705292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2986766224","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1156793","display_name":"System optimization","level":2,"score":0.35249999165534973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.3449999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.3343000113964081},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68781425","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2052203","display_name":"Multi-objective optimization","level":2,"score":0.32580000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17500928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q959968","display_name":"Control system","level":2,"score":0.28290000557899475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.2757999897003174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163985040","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1172399","display_name":"Data acquisition","level":2,"score":0.27399998903274536}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/axioms15020104","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/axioms15020104","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2075-1680/15/2/104/pdf?version=1770859025","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210173132","display_name":"Axioms","issn_l":"2075-1680","issn":["2075-1680"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Axioms","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:c7e5c166817f48a489e6105b1b58082e","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/c7e5c166817f48a489e6105b1b58082e","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Axioms, Vol 15, Iss 2, p 104 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/axioms15020104","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/axioms15020104","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2075-1680/15/2/104/pdf?version=1770859025","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210173132","display_name":"Axioms","issn_l":"2075-1680","issn":["2075-1680"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Axioms","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1286236842","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"-AC02-05CH11231","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","funder_display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3083819904","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"05CH11231","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","funder_display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3944918260","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DE-AC02-05CH11231","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332359","funder_display_name":"Office of Science"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4501827968","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"AC02-05CH11231","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332359","funder_display_name":"Office of Science"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4565140552","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"-AC02-05CH11231","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332359","funder_display_name":"Office of Science"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G498139845","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DE-AC02","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332359","funder_display_name":"Office of Science"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6348972864","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"AC02-05CH11231","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","funder_display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6480849065","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DE-AC02-05CH11231","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337512","funder_display_name":"Nuclear Physics"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6558272803","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DE-AC02","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","funder_display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7368046788","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DE-AC02-05CH11231","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","funder_display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G969889393","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DE-AC02-","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","funder_display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy","ror":"https://ror.org/01bj3aw27"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332359","display_name":"Office of Science","ror":"https://ror.org/00mmn6b08"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337512","display_name":"Nuclear Physics","ror":"https://ror.org/02atag894"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7126465465.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7126465465.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"this":[1],"work,":[2],"we":[3,42,58,187,195],"consider":[4],"the":[5,26,45,48,100,103,107,121,132,143,151,177,180,184,191,201,209,215,220,225],"optimization":[6,24,31,89,122],"of":[7,32,75,109,134,145,179,200],"non-invariant":[8,69],"systems":[9],"with":[10,72,147,166],"both":[11,162],"safety":[12],"and":[13,29,157,218],"control":[14],"constraints.":[15],"We":[16,130],"present":[17],"a":[18,68,83,91,153,158],"new":[19,185],"approach":[20,79,136],"based":[21],"on":[22,44,137,204],"Bayesian":[23,155,160],"for":[25],"dynamic,":[27],"safe":[28,92,159],"controlled":[30],"such":[33],"systems.":[34,168],"Although":[35],"there":[36],"are":[37],"other":[38],"possible":[39],"use":[40],"cases,":[41],"focus":[43],"application":[46],"to":[47,64,123,141,164,175],"electron":[49],"cyclotron":[50],"resonance":[51],"ion":[52],"source":[53],"VENUS.":[54],"From":[55],"experimental":[56],"data,":[57],"have":[59],"observed":[60],"that":[61,85,208],"VENUS":[62,127,146],"behaves":[63],"first":[65],"order":[66],"as":[67],"dynamic":[70,167],"system":[71,88,216],"moving":[73],"areas":[74,125],"instability.":[76],"Our":[77],"novel":[78],"aims":[80],"at":[81,213],"providing":[82],"tool":[84],"can":[86],"maintain":[87],"in":[90,106],"way.":[93],"This":[94],"is":[95,128,173],"accomplished":[96],"by":[97,183],"making":[98],"sure":[99],"objective":[101],"function,":[102],"beam":[104],"current":[105],"case":[108],"VENUS,":[110],"does":[111],"not":[112],"fall":[113],"under":[114],"an":[115],"operational":[116],"minimum,":[117],"while":[118],"simultaneously":[119],"requiring":[120],"avoid":[124],"where":[126],"unstable.":[129],"compare":[131],"result":[133],"our":[135],"synthetic":[138,205],"data":[139,206],"modeled":[140],"mimic":[142],"behavior":[144],"two":[148,192],"methods":[149,194,227],"from":[150],"literature,":[152],"standard":[154],"optimizer":[156],"optimizer,":[161],"adapted":[163],"deal":[165],"A":[169],"cross":[170],"Student":[171],"T-test":[172],"conducted":[174,203],"show":[176,207],"significance":[178],"improvement":[181],"given":[182],"method":[186,211],"introduce":[188],"here,":[189],"regarding":[190],"preexisting":[193],"compared":[196],"to.":[197],"The":[198],"results":[199],"tests":[202],"proposed":[210],"succeeds":[212],"maintaining":[214],"optimized":[217],"obeys":[219],"predefined":[221],"constraints":[222],"better":[223],"than":[224],"literature":[226],"explored.":[228]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-05-10T08:33:47.465468","created_date":"2026-02-02T00:00:00"}