{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4410560527","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/axioms14050389","title":"Measuring Semantic Stability: Statistical Estimation of Semantic Projections via Word Embeddings","display_name":"Measuring Semantic Stability: Statistical Estimation of Semantic Projections via Word Embeddings","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-05-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4410560527","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/axioms14050389"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/axioms14050389","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/axioms14050389","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2075-1680/14/5/389/pdf?version=1747832982","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210173132","display_name":"Axioms","issn_l":"2075-1680","issn":["2075-1680"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Axioms","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2075-1680/14/5/389/pdf?version=1747832982","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044321329","display_name":"Roger Arnau","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2544-8875"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I60053951","display_name":"Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia","ror":"https://ror.org/01460j859","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I60053951"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Roger Arnau","raw_affiliation_strings":["Instituto Universitario de Matem\u00e1tica Pura y Aplicada, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2544-8875","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Instituto Universitario de Matem\u00e1tica Pura y Aplicada, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I60053951"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029129459","display_name":"Ana Coronado Ferrer","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ana Coronado Ferrer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Departamento de TICS, Florida Universitaria, 46470 Catarroja, Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-6489-3279","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Departamento de TICS, Florida Universitaria, 46470 Catarroja, Spain","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057708977","display_name":"\u00c1lvaro Gonz\u00e1lez","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-2328-2173"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I60053951","display_name":"Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia","ror":"https://ror.org/01460j859","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I60053951"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"\u00c1lvaro Gonz\u00e1lez Cort\u00e9s","raw_affiliation_strings":["Instituto Universitario de Matem\u00e1tica Pura y Aplicada, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-2328-2173","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Instituto Universitario de Matem\u00e1tica Pura y Aplicada, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I60053951"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5115955657","display_name":"Claudia S\u00e1nchez Arnau","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I60053951","display_name":"Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia","ror":"https://ror.org/01460j859","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I60053951"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Claudia S\u00e1nchez Arnau","raw_affiliation_strings":["Instituto Universitario de Matem\u00e1tica Pura y Aplicada, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-1245-9289","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Instituto Universitario de Matem\u00e1tica Pura y Aplicada, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I60053951"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059955897","display_name":"Enrique A. S\u00e1nchez\u2010P\u00e9rez","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8854-3154"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I60053951","display_name":"Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia","ror":"https://ror.org/01460j859","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I60053951"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Enrique A. S\u00e1nchez P\u00e9rez","raw_affiliation_strings":["Instituto Universitario de Matem\u00e1tica Pura y Aplicada, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8854-3154","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Instituto Universitario de Matem\u00e1tica Pura y Aplicada, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I60053951"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5059955897"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I60053951"],"apc_list":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1782},"apc_paid":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1782},"fwci":2.1943,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.88666832,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"5","first_page":"389","last_page":"389"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13629","display_name":"Text Readability and Simplification","score":0.9929999709129333,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/word","display_name":"Word (group theory)","score":0.6084593534469604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/estimation","display_name":"Estimation","score":0.5442325472831726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5361776947975159},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.5223756432533264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5052085518836975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stability","display_name":"Stability (learning theory)","score":0.49150097370147705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistics","display_name":"Linguistics","score":0.28338128328323364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/philosophy","display_name":"Philosophy","score":0.11790117621421814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.1085028350353241},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.06515833735466003}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90805587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10944557","display_name":"Word (group theory)","level":2,"score":0.6084593534469604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96250715","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q965330","display_name":"Estimation","level":2,"score":0.5442325472831726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5361776947975159},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.5223756432533264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5052085518836975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112972136","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7595718","display_name":"Stability (learning theory)","level":2,"score":0.49150097370147705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.28338128328323364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.11790117621421814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.1085028350353241},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.06515833735466003},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/axioms14050389","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/axioms14050389","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2075-1680/14/5/389/pdf?version=1747832982","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210173132","display_name":"Axioms","issn_l":"2075-1680","issn":["2075-1680"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Axioms","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:riunet.upv.es:10251/233263","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://riunet.upv.es/handle/10251/233263","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400639","display_name":"RiuNet (Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I60053951","host_organization_name":"Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I60053951"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:07c2d6d58d0c4cefa6699d8023b6c278","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/07c2d6d58d0c4cefa6699d8023b6c278","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Axioms, Vol 14, Iss 5, p 389 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/axioms14050389","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/axioms14050389","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2075-1680/14/5/389/pdf?version=1747832982","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210173132","display_name":"Axioms","issn_l":"2075-1680","issn":["2075-1680"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Axioms","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6219168559","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CIPROM/2023/32","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321864","funder_display_name":"Generalitat Valenciana"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6414997594","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"PROMETEO 2024 CIPROM/2023/32","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321864","funder_display_name":"Generalitat Valenciana"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321864","display_name":"Generalitat Valenciana","ror":"https://ror.org/0097mvx21"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334905","display_name":"Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia","ror":"https://ror.org/01460j859"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4410560527.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4410560527.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":32,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1597195725","https://openalex.org/W1608322251","https://openalex.org/W1873193542","https://openalex.org/W2017462139","https://openalex.org/W2031457979","https://openalex.org/W2125031621","https://openalex.org/W2250539671","https://openalex.org/W2500063528","https://openalex.org/W2585439946","https://openalex.org/W2607876789","https://openalex.org/W2763088512","https://openalex.org/W2913142708","https://openalex.org/W2924485953","https://openalex.org/W2944797580","https://openalex.org/W3099236585","https://openalex.org/W3133839445","https://openalex.org/W4223947928","https://openalex.org/W4229451295","https://openalex.org/W4253680019","https://openalex.org/W4294170691","https://openalex.org/W4300958603","https://openalex.org/W4311853817","https://openalex.org/W4392810041","https://openalex.org/W4406444832","https://openalex.org/W4406633411","https://openalex.org/W4407995699","https://openalex.org/W4408341583","https://openalex.org/W4409352675","https://openalex.org/W6678885109","https://openalex.org/W6682691769","https://openalex.org/W6691431627","https://openalex.org/W6876122421"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2576994247","https://openalex.org/W2608353378","https://openalex.org/W4249206767","https://openalex.org/W2563559453","https://openalex.org/W2382330008","https://openalex.org/W1519970947","https://openalex.org/W4243860260","https://openalex.org/W1569283511","https://openalex.org/W3204019825","https://openalex.org/W2296205523"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0,188],"present":[1],"a":[2,39,56,61,90,147],"new":[3],"framework":[4],"to":[5,47,54,76,104],"study":[6],"the":[7,25,36,79,86,94,106,113,127,183,190,224],"stability":[8,114,217],"of":[9,38,63,100,108,115,149,185,193,227],"semantic":[10,18,96,116,129,216,236],"projections":[11,19,81,117],"based":[12,181],"on":[13,182],"word":[14,138],"embeddings.":[15],"Roughly":[16],"speaking,":[17],"are":[20,44],"indices":[21],"taking":[22],"values":[23],"in":[24,137,178,238],"interval":[26],"[0,1]":[27],"that":[28,215,223],"measure":[29],"how":[30],"terms":[31],"share":[32],"contextual":[33],"meaning":[34],"with":[35,89],"words":[37],"given":[40],"universe.":[41],"Since":[42],"there":[43],"many":[45],"ways":[46],"define":[48],"such":[49],"projections,":[50],"it":[51,73],"is":[52,74,103,232],"important":[53,75],"establish":[55],"procedure":[57],"for":[58,111,234],"verifying":[59],"whether":[60,78],"group":[62],"them":[64],"behaves":[65],"similarly.":[66],"Moreover,":[67],"when":[68,84],"fixing":[69],"one":[70,92],"particular":[71],"projection,":[72],"assess":[77],"average":[80],"remain":[82],"consistent":[83],"replacing":[85],"original":[87],"universe":[88],"similar":[91],"describing":[93],"same":[95],"environment.":[97],"The":[98,166],"aim":[99],"this":[101],"paper":[102],"address":[105,142],"lack":[107],"formal":[109,123],"tools":[110],"assessing":[112],"(that":[118],"is,":[119],"their":[120],"invariance":[121],"under":[122,171],"changes":[124],"which":[125],"preserve":[126],"underlying":[128],"context)":[130],"across":[131,203],"alternative":[132],"but":[133],"semantically":[134],"related":[135],"universes":[136,231],"embedding":[139],"models.":[140],"To":[141],"these":[143],"problems,":[144],"we":[145],"employ":[146],"combination":[148],"statistical":[150],"and":[151,163,210,222,230],"AI":[152],"methods,":[153],"including":[154],"correlation":[155],"analysis,":[156],"clustering,":[157],"chi-squared":[158],"distance":[159],"measures,":[160],"weighted":[161],"approximations,":[162],"Lipschitz-based":[164],"estimators.":[165],"methodology":[167],"provides":[168],"theoretical":[169],"guarantees":[170],"mild":[172],"mathematical":[173],"assumptions,":[174],"ensuring":[175],"bounded":[176],"errors":[177],"projection":[179,228],"estimations":[180],"assumption":[184],"Lipschitz":[186],"continuity.":[187],"demonstrate":[189],"practical":[191],"applicability":[192],"our":[194],"approach":[195],"through":[196],"two":[197],"case":[198],"studies":[199],"involving":[200],"agricultural":[201],"terminology":[202],"multiple":[204],"data":[205],"sources":[206],"(DOAJ,":[207],"Scholar,":[208],"Google,":[209],"Arxiv).":[211],"Our":[212],"results":[213],"show":[214],"can":[218],"be":[219],"quantitatively":[220],"evaluated":[221],"careful":[225],"modeling":[226],"functions":[229],"crucial":[233],"robust":[235],"analysis":[237],"NLP.":[239]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-08-18T07:49:30.821534","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
