{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4367051539","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/axioms12050424","title":"A License Plate Recognition System with Robustness against Adverse Environmental Conditions Using Hopfield\u2019s Neural Network","display_name":"A License Plate Recognition System with Robustness against Adverse Environmental Conditions Using Hopfield\u2019s Neural Network","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-04-26","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4367051539","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/axioms12050424"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/axioms12050424","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/axioms12050424","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2075-1680/12/5/424/pdf?version=1682499436","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210173132","display_name":"Axioms","issn_l":"2075-1680","issn":["2075-1680"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Axioms","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2075-1680/12/5/424/pdf?version=1682499436","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051205142","display_name":"Saman Rajebi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-3404-9186"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I41832843","display_name":"University of Tabriz","ror":"https://ror.org/01papkj44","country_code":"IR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I41832843"]}],"countries":["IR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Saman Rajebi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Seraj University, Tabriz 5137894797, Iran"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Seraj University, Tabriz 5137894797, Iran","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I41832843"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053756557","display_name":"Siamak Pedrammehr","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2974-1801"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63970466","display_name":"Tabriz Islamic Arts University","ror":"https://ror.org/00kj4zk54","country_code":"IR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63970466"]}],"countries":["IR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Siamak Pedrammehr","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Design, Tabriz Islamic Art University, Tabriz 5164736931, Iran"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2974-1801","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Design, Tabriz Islamic Art University, Tabriz 5164736931, Iran","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63970466"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014368431","display_name":"Reza Mohajerpoor","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5036-3198"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I129604602","display_name":"The University of Sydney","ror":"https://ror.org/0384j8v12","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I129604602"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Reza Mohajerpoor","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Civil Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Civil Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I129604602"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5014368431"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I129604602"],"apc_list":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1782},"apc_paid":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1782},"fwci":1.2951,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":12,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.80244049,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":"5","first_page":"424","last_page":"424"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12707","display_name":"Vehicle License Plate Recognition","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12707","display_name":"Vehicle License Plate Recognition","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11019","display_name":"Image Enhancement Techniques","score":0.9936000108718872,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/license","display_name":"License","score":0.7717546224594116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7464174032211304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6618876457214355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.5982606410980225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/template-matching","display_name":"Template matching","score":0.5430597066879272},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.5172829627990723},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.4941287338733673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intelligent-transportation-system","display_name":"Intelligent transportation system","score":0.47181236743927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.4610293507575989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/minimum-bounding-box","display_name":"Minimum bounding box","score":0.45550844073295593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.45222336053848267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visibility","display_name":"Visibility","score":0.43034371733665466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.3697996735572815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.31704291701316833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.13264769315719604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transport-engineering","display_name":"Transport engineering","score":0.07637590169906616}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780560020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79719","display_name":"License","level":2,"score":0.7717546224594116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7464174032211304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6618876457214355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.5982606410980225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158096908","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3983303","display_name":"Template matching","level":3,"score":0.5430597066879272},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.5172829627990723},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.4941287338733673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47796450","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q508378","display_name":"Intelligent transportation system","level":2,"score":0.47181236743927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.4610293507575989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147037132","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6865426","display_name":"Minimum bounding box","level":3,"score":0.45550844073295593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.45222336053848267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123403432","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q654068","display_name":"Visibility","level":2,"score":0.43034371733665466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.3697996735572815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.31704291701316833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.13264769315719604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22212356","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q775325","display_name":"Transport engineering","level":1,"score":0.07637590169906616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/axioms12050424","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/axioms12050424","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2075-1680/12/5/424/pdf?version=1682499436","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210173132","display_name":"Axioms","issn_l":"2075-1680","issn":["2075-1680"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Axioms","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:52ac16867f124deb888b96e3ac958c8b","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/52ac16867f124deb888b96e3ac958c8b","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Axioms, Vol 12, Iss 5, p 424 (2023)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:figshare.com:article/26123494","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/A_License_Plate_Recognition_System_with_Robustness_against_Adverse_Environmental_Conditions_Using_Hopfield_s_Neural_Network/26123494","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196282","display_name":"Figshare","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210132348","host_organization_name":"Figshare (United Kingdom)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210132348"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2075-1680/12/5/424/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/axioms12050424","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Axioms; Volume 12; Issue 5; Pages: 424","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/axioms12050424","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/axioms12050424","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2075-1680/12/5/424/pdf?version=1682499436","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210173132","display_name":"Axioms","issn_l":"2075-1680","issn":["2075-1680"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Axioms","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.4699999988079071,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4367051539.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":37,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1573844436","https://openalex.org/W2028990532","https://openalex.org/W2114867966","https://openalex.org/W2121880036","https://openalex.org/W2128084896","https://openalex.org/W2170420993","https://openalex.org/W2185066996","https://openalex.org/W2188726697","https://openalex.org/W2473759102","https://openalex.org/W2768106074","https://openalex.org/W2810270273","https://openalex.org/W2897185734","https://openalex.org/W2934927121","https://openalex.org/W2963304750","https://openalex.org/W2971574275","https://openalex.org/W2971865141","https://openalex.org/W2972224561","https://openalex.org/W2979646104","https://openalex.org/W2990308371","https://openalex.org/W3037708318","https://openalex.org/W3113931315","https://openalex.org/W3134789021","https://openalex.org/W3167239249","https://openalex.org/W3179698659","https://openalex.org/W3182494832","https://openalex.org/W3217064846","https://openalex.org/W4210512964","https://openalex.org/W4210563015","https://openalex.org/W4224228299","https://openalex.org/W4231822114","https://openalex.org/W4283742020","https://openalex.org/W6634366073","https://openalex.org/W6659483329","https://openalex.org/W6676391317","https://openalex.org/W6684940418","https://openalex.org/W6687019583","https://openalex.org/W6767848707"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2606446052","https://openalex.org/W2392812199","https://openalex.org/W4200176076","https://openalex.org/W2036021480","https://openalex.org/W598185802","https://openalex.org/W3195777957","https://openalex.org/W2382668227","https://openalex.org/W3217064846","https://openalex.org/W2348931365","https://openalex.org/W2063915162"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"License":[0],"plates":[1],"typically":[2],"have":[3,98],"unique":[4],"color,":[5],"size,":[6],"and":[7,22,41,53,65,75,120,140,183],"shape":[8],"characteristics":[9],"in":[10,25,110],"each":[11],"country.":[12],"This":[13],"paper":[14],"presents":[15],"a":[16,36,111,134,159,162],"general":[17],"method":[18,32,50],"for":[19,51,161],"character":[20],"extraction":[21],"pattern":[23,101],"matching":[24,102],"license":[26,55,95],"plate":[27,56,96],"recognition":[28,97],"systems.":[29],"The":[30,67,104,125,148],"proposed":[31,105,153],"is":[33,73,90,141],"based":[34],"on":[35,94],"combination":[37],"of":[38,70,78,80,87,113,137,151,158,168],"morphological":[39],"operations":[40],"edge":[42],"detection":[43],"techniques,":[44],"along":[45],"with":[46],"the":[47,76,81,85,88,152,156,165,169,172,179],"bounding":[48],"box":[49],"identifying":[52],"revealing":[54],"characters":[57],"while":[58],"removing":[59],"unwanted":[60],"artifacts":[61],"such":[62],"as":[63],"dust":[64],"fog.":[66],"mathematical":[68],"model":[69],"foggy":[71],"images":[72],"presented":[74],"sum":[77],"gradients":[79],"image,":[82,89],"which":[83],"represents":[84],"visibility":[86],"improved.":[91],"Previous":[92],"works":[93],"utilized":[99],"non-intelligent":[100],"techniques.":[103],"technique":[106],"can":[107],"be":[108],"applied":[109,126],"variety":[112],"settings,":[114],"including":[115],"traffic":[116],"monitoring,":[117],"parking":[118],"management,":[119],"law":[121],"enforcement,":[122],"among":[123],"others.":[124],"algorithm,":[127],"unlike":[128],"SOTA-based":[129],"methods,":[130],"does":[131],"not":[132],"need":[133,160],"huge":[135],"set":[136],"training":[138,163,170],"data":[139],"implemented":[142],"only":[143],"by":[144],"applying":[145],"standard":[146],"templates.":[147],"main":[149],"advantages":[150],"algorithm":[154],"are":[155],"lack":[157],"set,":[164],"high":[166,180],"speed":[167],"process,":[171],"ability":[173],"to":[174,176,187],"respond":[175],"different":[177],"standards,":[178],"response":[181],"speed,":[182],"higher":[184],"accuracy":[185],"compared":[186],"similar":[188],"tasks.":[189]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-23T08:03:31.855105","created_date":"2023-04-27T00:00:00"}