{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4319597034","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/axioms12020176","title":"Radio-Controlled Intelligent UGV as a Spy Robot with Laser Targeting for Military Purposes","display_name":"Radio-Controlled Intelligent UGV as a Spy Robot with Laser Targeting for Military Purposes","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-02-08","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4319597034","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/axioms12020176"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/axioms12020176","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/axioms12020176","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2075-1680/12/2/176/pdf?version=1677057436","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210173132","display_name":"Axioms","issn_l":"2075-1680","issn":["2075-1680"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Axioms","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2075-1680/12/2/176/pdf?version=1677057436","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062071453","display_name":"Muhammad Zia Ur Rahman","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210147796","display_name":"University of Faisalabad","ror":"https://ror.org/04eps4h65","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210147796"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142732210","display_name":"University of Engineering and Technology Lahore","ror":"https://ror.org/0051w2v06","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142732210"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Zia Ur Rahman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechanical, Mechatronics and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Lahore Faisalabad Campus, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical, Mechatronics and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Lahore Faisalabad Campus, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210147796","https://openalex.org/I142732210"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030243129","display_name":"Umair Raza","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142732210","display_name":"University of Engineering and Technology Lahore","ror":"https://ror.org/0051w2v06","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142732210"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210147796","display_name":"University of Faisalabad","ror":"https://ror.org/04eps4h65","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210147796"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Umair Raza","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechanical, Mechatronics and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Lahore Faisalabad Campus, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical, Mechatronics and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Lahore Faisalabad Campus, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210147796","https://openalex.org/I142732210"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101426168","display_name":"Muhammad Azeem Akbar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4906-6495"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63548447","display_name":"Lappeenranta-Lahti University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0208vgz68","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63548447"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Azeem Akbar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Software Engineering, LUT University, 15210 Lappeenranta, Finland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Software Engineering, LUT University, 15210 Lappeenranta, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63548447"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046430300","display_name":"Muhammad Tanveer Riaz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4391-9821"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142732210","display_name":"University of Engineering and Technology Lahore","ror":"https://ror.org/0051w2v06","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142732210"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210147796","display_name":"University of Faisalabad","ror":"https://ror.org/04eps4h65","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210147796"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9360294","display_name":"University of Bologna","ror":"https://ror.org/01111rn36","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9360294"]}],"countries":["IT","PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Tanveer Riaz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical, Electronic, and Information Engineering (DEI), Universit\u00e0 di Bologna, 40136 Bologna, Italy","Department of Mechanical, Mechatronics and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Lahore Faisalabad Campus, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical, Electronic, and Information Engineering (DEI), Universit\u00e0 di Bologna, 40136 Bologna, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9360294"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical, Mechatronics and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Lahore Faisalabad Campus, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210147796","https://openalex.org/I142732210"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043393776","display_name":"Abdu Gumaei","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8512-9687"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142608572","display_name":"Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University","ror":"https://ror.org/04jt46d36","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142608572"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abdu H. Gumaei","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, College of Computer Engineering and Sciences, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, College of Computer Engineering and Sciences, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142608572"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103041896","display_name":"N. Ahmad","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2466-5405"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142732210","display_name":"University of Engineering and Technology Lahore","ror":"https://ror.org/0051w2v06","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142732210"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210147796","display_name":"University of Faisalabad","ror":"https://ror.org/04eps4h65","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210147796"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nasir Ahmad","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechanical, Mechatronics and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Lahore Faisalabad Campus, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical, Mechatronics and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Lahore Faisalabad Campus, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210147796","https://openalex.org/I142732210"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":4,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5101426168"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63548447"],"apc_list":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"apc_paid":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"fwci":1.8743,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":14,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.8526118,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":"2","first_page":"176","last_page":"176"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12222","display_name":"IoT-based Smart Home Systems","score":0.9596999883651733,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12222","display_name":"IoT-based Smart Home Systems","score":0.9596999883651733,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/servomotor","display_name":"Servomotor","score":0.5739871859550476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robot","display_name":"Robot","score":0.5616949796676636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/servo-control","display_name":"Servo control","score":0.48521116375923157},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.4551950693130493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4530770480632782},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dc-motor","display_name":"DC motor","score":0.45262548327445984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4491293132305145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robotic-arm","display_name":"Robotic arm","score":0.4470331072807312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simulation","display_name":"Simulation","score":0.4301730692386627},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/servo","display_name":"Servo","score":0.3753815293312073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.3470682203769684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.16426309943199158}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109441226","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1137255","display_name":"Servomotor","level":2,"score":0.5739871859550476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90509273","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11012","display_name":"Robot","level":2,"score":0.5616949796676636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32731416","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7455930","display_name":"Servo control","level":3,"score":0.48521116375923157},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.4551950693130493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4530770480632782},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76684090","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3842034","display_name":"DC motor","level":2,"score":0.45262548327445984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4491293132305145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150415221","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q40687","display_name":"Robotic arm","level":2,"score":0.4470331072807312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44154836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45045","display_name":"Simulation","level":1,"score":0.4301730692386627},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107354338","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1937153","display_name":"Servo","level":2,"score":0.3753815293312073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.3470682203769684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.16426309943199158}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/axioms12020176","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/axioms12020176","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2075-1680/12/2/176/pdf?version=1677057436","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210173132","display_name":"Axioms","issn_l":"2075-1680","issn":["2075-1680"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Axioms","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:6bd0ea63fc0e40c6a8bad7a0ab143a29","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/6bd0ea63fc0e40c6a8bad7a0ab143a29","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Axioms, Vol 12, Iss 2, p 176 (2023)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2075-1680/12/2/176/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/axioms12020176","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Axioms","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/axioms12020176","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/axioms12020176","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2075-1680/12/2/176/pdf?version=1677057436","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210173132","display_name":"Axioms","issn_l":"2075-1680","issn":["2075-1680"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Axioms","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","score":0.4399999976158142}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4319597034.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":21,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2034821857","https://openalex.org/W2051294718","https://openalex.org/W2073709932","https://openalex.org/W2085960394","https://openalex.org/W2143321474","https://openalex.org/W2310468012","https://openalex.org/W2534457893","https://openalex.org/W2543797155","https://openalex.org/W2546650418","https://openalex.org/W2589667994","https://openalex.org/W2759487596","https://openalex.org/W2801801420","https://openalex.org/W2806895229","https://openalex.org/W3037260291","https://openalex.org/W3128472200","https://openalex.org/W3134633835","https://openalex.org/W4220956386","https://openalex.org/W4281628660","https://openalex.org/W4284958852","https://openalex.org/W4293087699","https://openalex.org/W4311156054"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2548273422","https://openalex.org/W2248405876","https://openalex.org/W3119148404","https://openalex.org/W2585174520","https://openalex.org/W4214763373","https://openalex.org/W2133614587","https://openalex.org/W1969360890","https://openalex.org/W891366759","https://openalex.org/W2903247355","https://openalex.org/W1976622387"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,54,121,183,204],"main":[1],"objective":[2],"of":[3,31,64,191,207,223],"this":[4],"unmanned":[5,34],"ground":[6,35],"vehicle":[7],"is":[8,66,146,211],"to":[9,50,116,151,202],"deal":[10],"with":[11,60,75,112,138,188,215],"the":[12,19,29,48,113,149,153,189,208,218,224],"security":[13],"issues":[14],"like":[15,213],"terrorist":[16],"activities":[17],"across":[18],"border":[20],"and":[21,126,130],"in":[22,100,110,160,186],"various":[23],"remote":[24],"combat":[25],"missions":[26],"by":[27],"reducing":[28],"involvement":[30],"soldiers.":[32],"This":[33],"robot":[36,49,122,225],"comprises":[37],"a":[38,67,87,124,136,144],"wireless":[39],"high-definition":[40],"camera":[41],"that":[42],"can":[43,57,82,157,171,199],"transfer":[44],"live":[45],"streams":[46],"from":[47],"headquarters":[51],"using":[52,86],"Wi-Fi.":[53],"robot\u2019s":[55],"movement":[56,81],"be":[58,84,158,172],"controlled":[59,85],"two":[61,219],"modes;":[62],"one":[63,216],"them":[65],"radio":[68],"controller":[69,137,179],"working":[70],"on":[71,148,165],"2.4":[72],"GHz":[73],"frequency":[74],"seven":[76],"independent":[77],"channels.":[78],"Secondly,":[79],"its":[80],"also":[83],"Python-based":[88,181],"GUI":[89],"application.":[90],"Nowadays,":[91],"different":[92],"techniques":[93],"have":[94,106],"been":[95],"used":[96,107,159,173],"for":[97],"face":[98],"recognition;":[99],"our":[101],"remotely":[102],"piloted":[103],"robot,":[104],"we":[105],"Haar-cascade":[108],"classifiers":[109],"combination":[111],"LBPH":[114],"algorithm":[115],"implement":[117],"real-time":[118],"facial":[119,166],"recognition.":[120],"uses":[123],"rack":[125],"pinion":[127],"driving":[128,205],"mechanism":[129,206],"an":[131,161,177],"ATMEL":[132],"Cortex-M3":[133],"CPU":[134],"as":[135],"32-bit/s":[139],"processing":[140],"speed.":[141],"In":[142],"addition,":[143],"laser":[145],"installed":[147],"turret":[150,184],"shoot":[152],"targets":[154],"down,":[155],"which":[156],"autonomous":[162],"mode":[163],"based":[164],"recognition":[167],"results,":[168],"or":[169,180],"it":[170],"manually":[174],"either":[175],"through":[176],"RF":[178],"GUI.":[182],"moves":[185],"2-DOF":[187],"help":[190],"metallic":[192],"geared":[193],"servo":[194,197],"motors.":[195],"Both":[196],"motors":[198,222],"rotate":[200],"up":[201],"180\u00b0.":[203],"robotic":[209],"tank":[210],"just":[212],"DDR,":[214],"difference,":[217],"DC":[220],"gear":[221],"are":[226],"connected":[227],"diagonally.":[228]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2025-12-23T23:11:35.936235","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}