{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4313414369","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/axioms12010030","title":"Automatic Sleep Staging Based on Single-Channel EEG Signal Using Null Space Pursuit Decomposition Algorithm","display_name":"Automatic Sleep Staging Based on Single-Channel EEG Signal Using Null Space Pursuit Decomposition Algorithm","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-12-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4313414369","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/axioms12010030"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/axioms12010030","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/axioms12010030","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2075-1680/12/1/30/pdf?version=1673527997","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210173132","display_name":"Axioms","issn_l":"2075-1680","issn":["2075-1680"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Axioms","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2075-1680/12/1/30/pdf?version=1673527997","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087378995","display_name":"Weiwei Xiao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9922-640X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1456306","display_name":"North China University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01nky7652","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1456306"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Weiwei Xiao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Science, North China University of Technology, Beijing 100144, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Science, North China University of Technology, Beijing 100144, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1456306"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077496398","display_name":"Rongqian Linghu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1456306","display_name":"North China University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01nky7652","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1456306"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rongqian Linghu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Science, North China University of Technology, Beijing 100144, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Science, North China University of Technology, Beijing 100144, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1456306"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100319234","display_name":"Huan Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0084-1662"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1456306","display_name":"North China University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01nky7652","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1456306"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Huan Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Science, North China University of Technology, Beijing 100144, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Science, North China University of Technology, Beijing 100144, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1456306"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022687558","display_name":"Fengzhen Hou","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161716053","display_name":"China Pharmaceutical University","ror":"https://ror.org/01sfm2718","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161716053"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fengzhen Hou","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Science, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Science, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161716053"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100319234"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1456306"],"apc_list":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"apc_paid":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"fwci":0.8281,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.70939681,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":"1","first_page":"30","last_page":"30"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11447","display_name":"Blind Source Separation Techniques","score":0.9944000244140625,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11021","display_name":"ECG Monitoring and Analysis","score":0.9879999756813049,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2705","display_name":"Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electroencephalography","display_name":"Electroencephalography","score":0.638442873954773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6280686259269714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sleep-stages","display_name":"Sleep Stages","score":0.6166579127311707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.5542214512825012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.533006489276886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sleep","display_name":"Sleep (system call)","score":0.5157189965248108},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5090801119804382},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signal","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","score":0.4397755563259125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.43779438734054565},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.386615514755249},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/polysomnography","display_name":"Polysomnography","score":0.18535703420639038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.1253218948841095}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C522805319","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179965","display_name":"Electroencephalography","level":2,"score":0.638442873954773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6280686259269714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2910364982","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q35831","display_name":"Sleep Stages","level":4,"score":0.6166579127311707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5542214512825012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.533006489276886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775841894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4683692","display_name":"Sleep (system call)","level":2,"score":0.5157189965248108},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5090801119804382},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779843651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7390335","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.4397755563259125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.43779438734054565},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.386615514755249},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778205975","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1754874","display_name":"Polysomnography","level":3,"score":0.18535703420639038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.1253218948841095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118552586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7867","display_name":"Psychiatry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/axioms12010030","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/axioms12010030","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2075-1680/12/1/30/pdf?version=1673527997","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210173132","display_name":"Axioms","issn_l":"2075-1680","issn":["2075-1680"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Axioms","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:308cc77ed8394e2680cc26547b78284d","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/308cc77ed8394e2680cc26547b78284d","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Axioms, Vol 12, Iss 1, p 30 (2022)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2075-1680/12/1/30/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/axioms12010030","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Axioms; Volume 12; Issue 1; Pages: 30","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/axioms12010030","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/axioms12010030","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2075-1680/12/1/30/pdf?version=1673527997","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210173132","display_name":"Axioms","issn_l":"2075-1680","issn":["2075-1680"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Axioms","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.44999998807907104,"display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G43468923","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"107051360022XN735","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320325862","funder_display_name":"North China University of Technology"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320325862","display_name":"North China University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01nky7652"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4313414369.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4313414369.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":34,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W111686988","https://openalex.org/W160785014","https://openalex.org/W194485135","https://openalex.org/W1565475775","https://openalex.org/W1678356000","https://openalex.org/W1710803102","https://openalex.org/W1862394037","https://openalex.org/W1930627803","https://openalex.org/W2007493331","https://openalex.org/W2014683958","https://openalex.org/W2023335485","https://openalex.org/W2058807024","https://openalex.org/W2088478798","https://openalex.org/W2102417399","https://openalex.org/W2102999207","https://openalex.org/W2120264603","https://openalex.org/W2136774414","https://openalex.org/W2142085250","https://openalex.org/W2163462953","https://openalex.org/W2164777277","https://openalex.org/W2295598076","https://openalex.org/W2402366071","https://openalex.org/W2565543439","https://openalex.org/W2584905023","https://openalex.org/W2612047884","https://openalex.org/W2792420355","https://openalex.org/W2793841943","https://openalex.org/W2931074718","https://openalex.org/W3038978553","https://openalex.org/W3117016291","https://openalex.org/W4223919817","https://openalex.org/W4293824843","https://openalex.org/W6606539394","https://openalex.org/W7074105317"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3121188996","https://openalex.org/W4308561096","https://openalex.org/W3200508116","https://openalex.org/W2136162213","https://openalex.org/W2376497661","https://openalex.org/W3011076523","https://openalex.org/W2319810220","https://openalex.org/W2424678138","https://openalex.org/W2991581874","https://openalex.org/W2324099496"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Sleep":[0,97],"quality":[1,16],"is":[2,17,66],"related":[3],"to":[4,19,158,163],"people\u2019s":[5],"physical":[6],"and":[7,23,34,42,77,96,134,141,165,190,195,208,213,225,230,251,258],"mental":[8],"health,":[9],"so":[10],"an":[11,47],"accurate":[12],"assessment":[13],"of":[14,31,61,80,130,188,206,223],"sleep":[15,21,49,81,175,240],"key":[18],"recognizing":[20],"disorders":[22],"taking":[24],"effective":[25],"interventions.":[26],"To":[27],"address":[28],"the":[29,54,84,90,110,118,127,131,137,142,150,167,183,186,199,203,217,220,238],"shortcomings":[30],"traditional":[32],"manual":[33],"automatic":[35,48,78,174,239],"staging":[36,50,241],"methods,":[37],"such":[38],"as":[39,253,255],"being":[40],"time-consuming":[41],"having":[43],"low":[44],"classification":[45,161,249],"accuracy,":[46],"method":[51],"based":[52],"on":[53,104,182,198,216],"null":[55],"space":[56],"pursuit":[57],"(NSP)":[58],"decomposition":[59,76],"algorithm":[60,155],"single-channel":[62,85,112],"electroencephalographic":[63],"(EEG)":[64],"signals":[65,114,145],"proposed,":[67],"which":[68],"provides":[69],"a":[70,160],"new":[71],"way":[72],"for":[73,173],"EEG":[74,86,113,139,170],"signal":[75,87,140,171],"identification":[79],"stages.":[82],"First,":[83],"data":[88],"from":[89,136],"Sleep-EDF":[91,184],"database,":[92,95,185,202,219],"DREAMS":[93,200],"Subject":[94,201],"Heart":[98],"Health":[99],"Study":[100],"database":[101],"(SHHS),":[102],"available":[103],"PhysioNet,":[105],"were":[106,115,147,193,211,228],"preprocessed,":[107],"respectively.":[108,232],"Second,":[109],"preprocessed":[111],"decomposed":[116],"by":[117],"NSP":[119],"algorithm.":[120],"Third,":[121],"we":[122],"extracted":[123,169],"nine":[124],"features":[125,172],"in":[126,244],"time":[128],"domain":[129],"nonlinear":[132],"dynamics":[133],"statistics":[135],"original":[138],"six":[143],"simple":[144],"that":[146,237],"decomposed.":[148],"Finally,":[149],"extreme":[151],"gradient":[152],"boosting":[153],"(XGBOOST)":[154],"was":[156],"used":[157],"construct":[159],"model":[162,242],"classify":[164],"identify":[166],"63":[168],"staging.":[176],"The":[177,233],"experimental":[178,234],"results":[179,235],"showed":[180],"that,":[181],"accuracy":[187,204,221,250],"four":[189,207,224],"five":[191,209,226],"categories":[192,210,227],"93.59%":[194],"92.89%,":[196],"respectively;":[197,215],"rates":[205,222],"91.32%":[212],"90.01%,":[214],"SHHS":[218],"90.25%":[229],"88.37%,":[231],"show":[236],"proposed":[243],"this":[245],"work":[246],"has":[247],"high":[248],"efficiency,":[252],"well":[254],"strong":[256],"applicability":[257],"robustness.":[259]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}