{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4292256086","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/axioms11080410","title":"Design of Type-3 Fuzzy Systems and Ensemble Neural Networks for COVID-19 Time Series Prediction Using a Firefly Algorithm","display_name":"Design of Type-3 Fuzzy Systems and Ensemble Neural Networks for COVID-19 Time Series Prediction Using a Firefly Algorithm","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-08-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4292256086","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/axioms11080410"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/axioms11080410","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/axioms11080410","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2075-1680/11/8/410/pdf?version=1661249283","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210173132","display_name":"Axioms","issn_l":"2075-1680","issn":["2075-1680"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Axioms","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2075-1680/11/8/410/pdf?version=1661249283","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090320352","display_name":"Patricia Mel\u00edn","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5798-1426"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210118730","display_name":"Instituto Tecnol\u00f3gico de Tijuana","ror":"https://ror.org/03dga7879","country_code":"MX","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210118730"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210090124","display_name":"Tecnol\u00f3gico Nacional de M\u00e9xico","ror":"https://ror.org/00davry38","country_code":"MX","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1302736544","https://openalex.org/I4210090124","https://openalex.org/I4413696010"]}],"countries":["MX"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Patricia Melin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tijuana Institute of Technology, TecNM, Tijuana 22414, Mexico"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tijuana Institute of Technology, TecNM, Tijuana 22414, Mexico","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210118730","https://openalex.org/I4210090124"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041069524","display_name":"Daniela S\u00e1nchez","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9802-1907"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210118730","display_name":"Instituto Tecnol\u00f3gico de Tijuana","ror":"https://ror.org/03dga7879","country_code":"MX","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210118730"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210090124","display_name":"Tecnol\u00f3gico Nacional de M\u00e9xico","ror":"https://ror.org/00davry38","country_code":"MX","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1302736544","https://openalex.org/I4210090124","https://openalex.org/I4413696010"]}],"countries":["MX"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daniela S\u00e1nchez","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tijuana Institute of Technology, TecNM, Tijuana 22414, Mexico"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tijuana Institute of Technology, TecNM, Tijuana 22414, Mexico","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210118730","https://openalex.org/I4210090124"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024400994","display_name":"Juan R. Castro","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1188-1862"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210134596","display_name":"Universidad de Tijuana","ror":"https://ror.org/03qzc6q48","country_code":"MX","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210134596"]}],"countries":["MX"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Juan R. Castro","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Engineering, UABC University, Tijuana 22390, Mexico"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering, UABC University, Tijuana 22390, Mexico","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210134596"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048223855","display_name":"Oscar Castillo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7385-5689"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210118730","display_name":"Instituto Tecnol\u00f3gico de Tijuana","ror":"https://ror.org/03dga7879","country_code":"MX","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210118730"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210090124","display_name":"Tecnol\u00f3gico Nacional de M\u00e9xico","ror":"https://ror.org/00davry38","country_code":"MX","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1302736544","https://openalex.org/I4210090124","https://openalex.org/I4413696010"]}],"countries":["MX"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Oscar Castillo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tijuana Institute of Technology, TecNM, Tijuana 22414, Mexico"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tijuana Institute of Technology, TecNM, Tijuana 22414, Mexico","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210118730","https://openalex.org/I4210090124"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5090320352"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210090124","https://openalex.org/I4210118730"],"apc_list":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"apc_paid":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"fwci":6.6284,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":47,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9762704,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":"8","first_page":"410","last_page":"410"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11775","display_name":"COVID-19 diagnosis using AI","score":0.9976999759674072,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11775","display_name":"COVID-19 diagnosis using AI","score":0.9976999759674072,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10410","display_name":"COVID-19 epidemiological studies","score":0.9972000122070312,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2611","display_name":"Modeling and Simulation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11512","display_name":"Anomaly Detection Techniques and Applications","score":0.9884999990463257,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/firefly-algorithm","display_name":"Firefly algorithm","score":0.7315641641616821},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/series","display_name":"Series (stratigraphy)","score":0.5984215140342712},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.5976934432983398},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5815762281417847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/time-series","display_name":"Time series","score":0.5728448033332825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.5500301122665405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/type","display_name":"Type (biology)","score":0.5358048677444458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fuzzy-logic","display_name":"Fuzzy logic","score":0.5215470790863037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coronavirus-disease-2019","display_name":"Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)","score":0.4396268129348755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.429470032453537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mean-squared-error","display_name":"Mean squared error","score":0.4271220564842224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3344130516052246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.3161212205886841},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.280864417552948},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.20971393585205078},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/particle-swarm-optimization","display_name":"Particle swarm optimization","score":0.1517828106880188}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154982244","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5451844","display_name":"Firefly algorithm","level":3,"score":0.7315641641616821},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143724316","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q312468","display_name":"Series (stratigraphy)","level":2,"score":0.5984215140342712},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.5976934432983398},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5815762281417847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151406439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186588","display_name":"Time series","level":2,"score":0.5728448033332825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.5500301122665405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777299769","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3707858","display_name":"Type (biology)","level":2,"score":0.5358048677444458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q224821","display_name":"Fuzzy logic","level":2,"score":0.5215470790863037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3008058167","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q84263196","display_name":"Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)","level":4,"score":0.4396268129348755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.429470032453537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139945424","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1940696","display_name":"Mean squared error","level":2,"score":0.4271220564842224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3344130516052246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3161212205886841},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.280864417552948},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.20971393585205078},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C85617194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2072794","display_name":"Particle swarm optimization","level":2,"score":0.1517828106880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C524204448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q788926","display_name":"Infectious disease (medical specialty)","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779134260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12136","display_name":"Disease","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/axioms11080410","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/axioms11080410","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2075-1680/11/8/410/pdf?version=1661249283","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210173132","display_name":"Axioms","issn_l":"2075-1680","issn":["2075-1680"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Axioms","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:5d2301568cb8408d972b6f26d98ab780","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/5d2301568cb8408d972b6f26d98ab780","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Axioms, Vol 11, Iss 8, p 410 (2022)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2075-1680/11/8/410/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/axioms11080410","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Axioms; Volume 11; Issue 8; Pages: 410","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/axioms11080410","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/axioms11080410","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2075-1680/11/8/410/pdf?version=1661249283","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210173132","display_name":"Axioms","issn_l":"2075-1680","issn":["2075-1680"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Axioms","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Partnerships for the goals","score":0.46000000834465027,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/17"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4292256086.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4292256086.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":53,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W759587468","https://openalex.org/W1523741643","https://openalex.org/W1969007827","https://openalex.org/W1982680432","https://openalex.org/W2041775680","https://openalex.org/W2052608046","https://openalex.org/W2080937097","https://openalex.org/W2136817645","https://openalex.org/W2500472211","https://openalex.org/W2724217173","https://openalex.org/W2896556344","https://openalex.org/W2931518319","https://openalex.org/W2945600009","https://openalex.org/W2959624881","https://openalex.org/W2973459792","https://openalex.org/W2980719958","https://openalex.org/W2996918147","https://openalex.org/W3024647574","https://openalex.org/W3026609628","https://openalex.org/W3035826609","https://openalex.org/W3037744374","https://openalex.org/W3039703269","https://openalex.org/W3098924781","https://openalex.org/W3120554003","https://openalex.org/W3128189270","https://openalex.org/W3146978883","https://openalex.org/W3162594786","https://openalex.org/W3182393332","https://openalex.org/W3186590231","https://openalex.org/W3194567748","https://openalex.org/W3196442791","https://openalex.org/W3208475069","https://openalex.org/W4200118349","https://openalex.org/W4200609452","https://openalex.org/W4207047369","https://openalex.org/W4210259262","https://openalex.org/W4210339679","https://openalex.org/W4210802505","https://openalex.org/W4211007335","https://openalex.org/W4213293004","https://openalex.org/W4214805781","https://openalex.org/W4220660019","https://openalex.org/W4220772768","https://openalex.org/W4223471570","https://openalex.org/W4224265184","https://openalex.org/W4226317728","https://openalex.org/W4245152641","https://openalex.org/W4280575693","https://openalex.org/W4301971222","https://openalex.org/W6622126485","https://openalex.org/W6785718547","https://openalex.org/W6803073596","https://openalex.org/W6809230909"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3005690382","https://openalex.org/W2553122398","https://openalex.org/W2557745602","https://openalex.org/W1955291487","https://openalex.org/W4297733930","https://openalex.org/W1998073824","https://openalex.org/W2279443028","https://openalex.org/W2952551527","https://openalex.org/W2596852793","https://openalex.org/W2952586137"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,260],"this":[1,250,320],"work,":[2],"information":[3,313],"on":[4,279],"COVID-19":[5,35,75,84],"confirmed":[6,78,217],"cases":[7,79,126,218],"is":[8,56,71,106,173,204],"utilized":[9,318],"as":[10,151,263,315],"a":[11,90,109,183,285],"dataset":[12],"to":[13,73,88,95,122,128,136,210,214,302,310],"perform":[14],"time":[15,92,308,334],"series":[16,93,309,335],"predictions.":[17],"We":[18],"propose":[19],"the":[20,49,54,60,74,123,138,143,146,158,164,177,190,207,229,236,246,254,270,274,281,289,316,328],"design":[21],"of":[22,101,140,142,157,163,239,245,256,277,291],"ensemble":[23],"neural":[24],"networks":[25],"(ENNs)":[26],"and":[27,114,145,154,188,273,324],"type-3":[28,50,159,178,197],"fuzzy":[29,198],"inference":[30],"systems":[31],"(FISs)":[32],"for":[33,39,77,176,185,235,243,288,294,333],"predicting":[34],"data.":[36],"The":[37,66,83,131,196,224,298],"answers":[38],"each":[40,119,186],"ENN":[41,55,144,165],"module":[42,162],"are":[43,331],"combined":[44],"using":[45,59,220],"weights":[46],"provided":[47],"by":[48,219],"FIS,":[51],"in":[52,98,125,249,319,327],"which":[53],"also":[57],"designed":[58],"firefly":[61],"algorithm":[62],"(FA)":[63],"optimization":[64],"technique.":[65],"proposed":[67,132,230,282,299,329],"method,":[68],"called":[69],"ENNT3FL-FA,":[70],"applied":[72],"data":[76,85,222,257,296,338],"from":[80],"12":[81],"countries.":[82],"have":[86],"shown":[87],"be":[89,194,303],"complex":[91,307],"due":[94,121,127],"unstable":[96],"behavior":[97],"certain":[99],"periods":[100],"time.":[102],"For":[103],"example,":[104],"it":[105,116],"unknown":[107],"when":[108,253],"new":[110],"wave":[111],"will":[112,117],"exist":[113],"how":[115,228],"affect":[118],"country":[120],"increase":[124],"many":[129,337],"factors.":[130],"method":[133,203,231,300,330],"seeks":[134],"mainly":[135],"find":[137],"number":[139,255],"modules":[141],"best":[147],"possible":[148],"parameters,":[149],"such":[150,262,314],"lower":[152,155],"scale":[153],"lag":[156],"FIS.":[160],"Each":[161,170],"produces":[166],"an":[167,174],"individual":[168],"prediction.":[169],"prediction":[171,192,238,290],"error":[172],"input":[175],"FIS;":[179],"moreover,":[180],"outputs":[181],"provide":[182],"weight":[184],"prediction,":[187],"then":[189],"final":[191],"can":[193],"calculated.":[195],"weighted":[199],"average":[200],"(FWA)":[201],"integration":[202],"compared":[205],"with":[206,306,336],"type-2":[208],"FWA":[209],"verify":[211],"its":[212],"ability":[213],"predict":[215,311],"future":[216,241,292,312],"two":[221],"periods.":[223],"achieved":[225],"results":[226,234],"show":[227],"allows":[232],"better":[233,286],"real":[237],"20":[240],"days":[242,293],"most":[244],"countries":[247,261],"used":[248],"study,":[251],"especially":[252],"points":[258],"increases.":[259],"Germany,":[264],"India,":[265],"Italy,":[266],"Mexico,":[267],"Poland,":[268],"Spain,":[269],"United":[271,275],"Kingdom,":[272],"States":[276],"America,":[278],"average,":[280],"ENNT3FL-FA":[283],"achieves":[284],"performance":[287],"both":[295],"points.":[297,339],"proves":[301],"more":[304],"stable":[305],"one":[317],"study.":[321],"Intelligence":[322],"techniques":[323],"their":[325],"combination":[326],"recommended":[332]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":22},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-03-13T16:22:10.518609","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}