{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4293238360","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/axioms11050206","title":"A Cross-Country European Efficiency Measurement of Maritime Transport: A Data Envelopment Analysis Approach","display_name":"A Cross-Country European Efficiency Measurement of Maritime Transport: A Data Envelopment Analysis Approach","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-04-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4293238360","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/axioms11050206"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/axioms11050206","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/axioms11050206","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2075-1680/11/5/206/pdf?version=1653300484","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210173132","display_name":"Axioms","issn_l":"2075-1680","issn":["2075-1680"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Axioms","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2075-1680/11/5/206/pdf?version=1653300484","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080518284","display_name":"Phi-Hung Nguyen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3372-8287"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I109689652","display_name":"FPT University","ror":"https://ror.org/03esj4g97","country_code":"VN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I109689652"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I118292597","display_name":"National Taipei University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00cn92c09","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I118292597"]}],"countries":["TW","VN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Phi-Hung Nguyen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Business Management, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan","Faculty of Business, FPT University, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3372-8287","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Business Management, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118292597"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Business, FPT University, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I109689652"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051910997","display_name":"Thi-Ly Nguyen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0135-6933"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I109689652","display_name":"FPT University","ror":"https://ror.org/03esj4g97","country_code":"VN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I109689652"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210126982","display_name":"Viet Nam University Of Traditional Medicine","ror":"https://ror.org/02r1dkx80","country_code":"VN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210126982"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4387154394","display_name":"National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00hfj7g70","country_code":null,"type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4387154394"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4391767725","display_name":"Dai Nam University","ror":"https://ror.org/0031x3y66","country_code":"VN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4391767725"]}],"countries":["VN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Thi-Ly Nguyen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Business Administration, Dai Nam University, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam","Department of Industrial Engineering and Management, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung 80778, Taiwan","Faculty of Business, FPT University, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0135-6933","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Business Administration, Dai Nam University, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210126982","https://openalex.org/I4391767725"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Industrial Engineering and Management, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung 80778, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4387154394"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Business, FPT University, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I109689652"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051910997","display_name":"Thi-Ly Nguyen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0135-6933"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I109689652","display_name":"FPT University","ror":"https://ror.org/03esj4g97","country_code":"VN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I109689652"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210126982","display_name":"Viet Nam University Of Traditional Medicine","ror":"https://ror.org/02r1dkx80","country_code":"VN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210126982"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4387154394","display_name":"National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00hfj7g70","country_code":null,"type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4387154394"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4391767725","display_name":"Dai Nam University","ror":"https://ror.org/0031x3y66","country_code":"VN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4391767725"]}],"countries":["VN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Thi-Ly Nguyen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Business Administration, Dai Nam University, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam","Department of Industrial Engineering and Management, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung 80778, Taiwan","Faculty of Business, FPT University, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0135-6933","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Business Administration, Dai Nam University, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210126982","https://openalex.org/I4391767725"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Industrial Engineering and Management, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung 80778, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4387154394"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Business, FPT University, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I109689652"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Thi-Giang Nguyen","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I109689652","display_name":"FPT University","ror":"https://ror.org/03esj4g97","country_code":"VN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I109689652"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210126982","display_name":"Viet Nam University Of Traditional Medicine","ror":"https://ror.org/02r1dkx80","country_code":"VN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210126982"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4387154394","display_name":"National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00hfj7g70","country_code":null,"type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4387154394"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4391767725","display_name":"Dai Nam University","ror":"https://ror.org/0031x3y66","country_code":"VN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4391767725"]}],"countries":["VN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Thi-Giang Nguyen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Business Administration, Dai Nam University, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam","Department of Industrial Engineering and Management, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung 80778, Taiwan","Faculty of Business, FPT University, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Business Administration, Dai Nam University, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210126982","https://openalex.org/I4391767725"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Industrial Engineering and Management, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung 80778, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4387154394"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Business, FPT University, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I109689652"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Thi-Giang Nguyen","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I109689652","display_name":"FPT University","ror":"https://ror.org/03esj4g97","country_code":"VN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I109689652"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210126982","display_name":"Viet Nam University Of Traditional Medicine","ror":"https://ror.org/02r1dkx80","country_code":"VN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210126982"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4387154394","display_name":"National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00hfj7g70","country_code":null,"type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4387154394"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4391767725","display_name":"Dai Nam University","ror":"https://ror.org/0031x3y66","country_code":"VN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4391767725"]}],"countries":["VN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Thi-Giang Nguyen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Business Administration, Dai Nam University, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam","Department of Industrial Engineering and Management, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung 80778, Taiwan","Faculty of Business, FPT University, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Business Administration, Dai Nam University, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210126982","https://openalex.org/I4391767725"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Industrial Engineering and Management, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung 80778, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4387154394"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Business, FPT University, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I109689652"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5104076279","display_name":"Duc-Thinh Nguyen","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I109689652","display_name":"FPT University","ror":"https://ror.org/03esj4g97","country_code":"VN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I109689652"]}],"countries":["VN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Duc-Thinh Nguyen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Business, FPT University, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Business, FPT University, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I109689652"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083315596","display_name":"Thi-Hoai Tran","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I109689652","display_name":"FPT University","ror":"https://ror.org/03esj4g97","country_code":"VN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I109689652"]}],"countries":["VN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Thi-Hoai Tran","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Business, FPT University, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Business, FPT University, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I109689652"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050425504","display_name":"Hong-Cham Le","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I109689652","display_name":"FPT University","ror":"https://ror.org/03esj4g97","country_code":"VN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I109689652"]}],"countries":["VN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hong-Cham Le","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Business, FPT University, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Business, FPT University, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I109689652"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047731440","display_name":"Huong-Thuy Phung","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I109689652","display_name":"FPT University","ror":"https://ror.org/03esj4g97","country_code":"VN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I109689652"]}],"countries":["VN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Huong-Thuy Phung","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Business, FPT University, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Business, FPT University, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I109689652"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":9,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5051910997","https://openalex.org/A5080518284"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I109689652","https://openalex.org/I118292597","https://openalex.org/I4210126982","https://openalex.org/I4387154394","https://openalex.org/I4391767725"],"apc_list":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"apc_paid":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"fwci":2.8464,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":21,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91089247,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":"5","first_page":"206","last_page":"206"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11223","display_name":"Maritime Ports and Logistics","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11223","display_name":"Maritime Ports and Logistics","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10357","display_name":"Efficiency Analysis Using DEA","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10128","display_name":"Global trade and economics","score":0.9937999844551086,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2000","display_name":"General Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-envelopment-analysis","display_name":"Data envelopment analysis","score":0.9237272143363953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/malmquist-index","display_name":"Malmquist index","score":0.6925851106643677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inefficiency","display_name":"Inefficiency","score":0.6859989166259766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/productivity","display_name":"Productivity","score":0.659895658493042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/port","display_name":"Port (circuit theory)","score":0.4299255311489105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operations-research","display_name":"Operations research","score":0.3977826237678528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.3854162395000458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economics","display_name":"Economics","score":0.3796234130859375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/industrial-organization","display_name":"Industrial organization","score":0.33235102891921997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/econometrics","display_name":"Econometrics","score":0.3279421329498291},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.32775425910949707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/total-factor-productivity","display_name":"Total factor productivity","score":0.30213385820388794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.2080577313899994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.1280401051044464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/macroeconomics","display_name":"Macroeconomics","score":0.11620786786079407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.09311464428901672}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22088475","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q647974","display_name":"Data envelopment analysis","level":2,"score":0.9237272143363953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777017832","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6744383","display_name":"Malmquist index","level":4,"score":0.6925851106643677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778869765","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6028363","display_name":"Inefficiency","level":2,"score":0.6859989166259766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204983608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2111958","display_name":"Productivity","level":2,"score":0.659895658493042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32802771","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2443617","display_name":"Port (circuit theory)","level":2,"score":0.4299255311489105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42475967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194292","display_name":"Operations research","level":1,"score":0.3977826237678528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3854162395000458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.3796234130859375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1411783","display_name":"Industrial organization","level":1,"score":0.33235102891921997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149782125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160039","display_name":"Econometrics","level":1,"score":0.3279421329498291},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.32775425910949707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120009192","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1936153","display_name":"Total factor productivity","level":3,"score":0.30213385820388794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.2080577313899994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.1280401051044464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139719470","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39680","display_name":"Macroeconomics","level":1,"score":0.11620786786079407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.09311464428901672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175444787","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39072","display_name":"Microeconomics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/axioms11050206","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/axioms11050206","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2075-1680/11/5/206/pdf?version=1653300484","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210173132","display_name":"Axioms","issn_l":"2075-1680","issn":["2075-1680"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Axioms","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:20ce0e6a83b1448385673c1fbe3aaa16","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/20ce0e6a83b1448385673c1fbe3aaa16","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Axioms, Vol 11, Iss 5, p 206 (2022)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2075-1680/11/5/206/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/axioms11050206","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Axioms; Volume 11; Issue 5; Pages: 206","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/axioms11050206","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/axioms11050206","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2075-1680/11/5/206/pdf?version=1653300484","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210173132","display_name":"Axioms","issn_l":"2075-1680","issn":["2075-1680"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Axioms","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4293238360.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4293238360.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":48,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1570246224","https://openalex.org/W1678277574","https://openalex.org/W1970252311","https://openalex.org/W1990272564","https://openalex.org/W1991114804","https://openalex.org/W2002678540","https://openalex.org/W2032331469","https://openalex.org/W2041277917","https://openalex.org/W2042403681","https://openalex.org/W2058577192","https://openalex.org/W2076452041","https://openalex.org/W2094238030","https://openalex.org/W2129763896","https://openalex.org/W2147996369","https://openalex.org/W2162180338","https://openalex.org/W2506753585","https://openalex.org/W2581116256","https://openalex.org/W2766421508","https://openalex.org/W2766478253","https://openalex.org/W2915054149","https://openalex.org/W2972545147","https://openalex.org/W2973719814","https://openalex.org/W2986606068","https://openalex.org/W2986735152","https://openalex.org/W2988074876","https://openalex.org/W3004750732","https://openalex.org/W3007725443","https://openalex.org/W3009097641","https://openalex.org/W3018122585","https://openalex.org/W3033384324","https://openalex.org/W3124634808","https://openalex.org/W3126038311","https://openalex.org/W3147360593","https://openalex.org/W3163851971","https://openalex.org/W3179995094","https://openalex.org/W3185823870","https://openalex.org/W3195253396","https://openalex.org/W3205060005","https://openalex.org/W3209934729","https://openalex.org/W3214987160","https://openalex.org/W3215521579","https://openalex.org/W4200016337","https://openalex.org/W4213431645","https://openalex.org/W4224251637","https://openalex.org/W4250985280","https://openalex.org/W6661152174","https://openalex.org/W6745628690","https://openalex.org/W6809141507"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2736972021","https://openalex.org/W2135047871","https://openalex.org/W2792778269","https://openalex.org/W2954122132","https://openalex.org/W2359323154","https://openalex.org/W2353257990","https://openalex.org/W2383431048","https://openalex.org/W2361021672","https://openalex.org/W2362044171","https://openalex.org/W2383669194"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Maritime":[0],"transport,":[1],"which":[2],"includes":[3],"shipping":[4],"and":[5,15,26,60,85,107,121,128,142,185,200],"port":[6],"operations,":[7],"is":[8,21,77,97,136],"the":[9,28,49,112,133,140,145,156,163,167,171,175,187,193],"fundamental":[10],"basis":[11],"of":[12,52,91,144],"international":[13],"trade":[14],"globalization.":[16],"In":[17],"transportation":[18,147],"management,":[19],"efficiency":[20,90,126,141],"critical":[22],"for":[23,81,204],"verifying":[24],"performance":[25],"proposing":[27],"best":[29],"countermeasure":[30],"to":[31,43,138,178],"meet":[32],"predetermined":[33],"goals.":[34],"Various":[35],"efforts":[36],"in":[37,94,149,159,173],"this":[38,45],"field":[39],"have":[40],"been":[41,182],"made":[42],"solve":[44],"problem":[46],"satisfactorily.":[47],"However,":[48],"significant":[50],"proportion":[51],"conventional":[53],"approaches":[54],"are":[55],"based":[56,68,104],"on":[57,69,105],"long-term":[58],"observations":[59],"professional":[61],"expertise,":[62],"with":[63,192],"only":[64],"a":[65,78,100,198],"few":[66],"exceptions":[67],"practice-based":[70],"historical":[71],"data.":[72],"Data":[73],"Envelopment":[74],"Analysis":[75],"(DEA)":[76],"non-parametric":[79],"technique":[80],"analyzing":[82],"various":[83],"output":[84],"input":[86],"variables":[87],"parallelly.":[88],"The":[89],"maritime":[92,146,179],"transport":[93,180],"European":[95,151],"countries":[96,158],"explored":[98],"using":[99],"two-stage":[101],"DEA":[102],"approach":[103],"Malmquist":[106,113,194],"Epsilon-Based":[108],"Measure":[109],"(EBM).":[110],"First,":[111],"model":[114,135,203],"analyses":[115],"countries\u2019":[116],"total":[117],"productivity":[118],"growth":[119],"rates":[120],"their":[122],"breakdown":[123],"into":[124],"technical":[125],"(catch-up)":[127],"technology":[129],"change":[130],"(frontier-shift).":[131],"Second,":[132],"EBM":[134,176],"used":[137],"determine":[139],"inefficiency":[143],"systems":[148],"each":[150],"country.":[152],"Apart":[153],"from":[154],"identifying":[155],"best-performing":[157],"specific":[160],"areas":[161],"over":[162],"study":[164],"period":[165],"(2016\u20132019),":[166],"results":[168],"highlight":[169],"that":[170,186],"gap":[172],"applying":[174],"method":[177],"has":[181],"successfully":[183],"closed":[184],"emerging":[188],"paradigm,":[189],"when":[190],"combined":[191],"model,":[195],"can":[196],"be":[197],"sustainable":[199],"appropriate":[201],"evaluation":[202],"other":[205],"research":[206],"areas.":[207]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-05-15T08:27:34.491423","created_date":"2022-08-27T00:00:00"}