{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2562008950","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a9040088","title":"Which, When, and How: Hierarchical Clustering with Human\u2013Machine Cooperation","display_name":"Which, When, and How: Hierarchical Clustering with Human\u2013Machine Cooperation","publication_year":2016,"publication_date":"2016-12-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2562008950","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a9040088","mag":"2562008950"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/a9040088","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a9040088","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4893/9/4/88/pdf?version=1482291876","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190629608","display_name":"Algorithms","issn_l":"1999-4893","issn":["1999-4893"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4893/9/4/88/pdf?version=1482291876","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044419929","display_name":"Huanyang Zheng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5529-4080"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I84392919","display_name":"Temple University","ror":"https://ror.org/00kx1jb78","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I84392919"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Huanyang Zheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer and Information Sciences, Temple University, PA 19121, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer and Information Sciences, Temple University, PA 19121, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84392919"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046861518","display_name":"Jie Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9531-7817"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I84392919","display_name":"Temple University","ror":"https://ror.org/00kx1jb78","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I84392919"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jie Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer and Information Sciences, Temple University, PA 19121, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer and Information Sciences, Temple University, PA 19121, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84392919"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5044419929"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84392919"],"apc_list":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"apc_paid":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"fwci":0.4417,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.80573579,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":"4","first_page":"88","last_page":"88"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12072","display_name":"Machine Learning and Algorithms","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12072","display_name":"Machine Learning and Algorithms","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11269","display_name":"Algorithms and Data Compression","score":0.9975000023841858,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12288","display_name":"Optimization and Search Problems","score":0.995199978351593,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cluster-analysis","display_name":"Cluster analysis","score":0.7118369340896606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6388528943061829},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hierarchical-clustering","display_name":"Hierarchical clustering","score":0.6058764457702637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hierarchical-clustering-of-networks","display_name":"Hierarchical clustering of networks","score":0.4118482768535614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3881013095378876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.3754808008670807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fuzzy-clustering","display_name":"Fuzzy clustering","score":0.20567408204078674},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cure-data-clustering-algorithm","display_name":"CURE data clustering algorithm","score":0.10566270351409912}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73555534","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q622825","display_name":"Cluster analysis","level":2,"score":0.7118369340896606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6388528943061829},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C92835128","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1277447","display_name":"Hierarchical clustering","level":3,"score":0.6058764457702637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82261393","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17038699","display_name":"Hierarchical clustering of networks","level":5,"score":0.4118482768535614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3881013095378876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.3754808008670807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17212007","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5511111","display_name":"Fuzzy clustering","level":3,"score":0.20567408204078674},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33704608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5014717","display_name":"CURE data clustering algorithm","level":4,"score":0.10566270351409912}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/a9040088","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a9040088","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4893/9/4/88/pdf?version=1482291876","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190629608","display_name":"Algorithms","issn_l":"1999-4893","issn":["1999-4893"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:2c598257b5104946aeda2d7994acc5d7","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/2c598257b5104946aeda2d7994acc5d7","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms, Vol 9, Iss 4, p 88 (2016)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1999-4893/9/4/88/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/a9040088","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms; Volume 9; Issue 4; Pages: 88","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/a9040088","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a9040088","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4893/9/4/88/pdf?version=1482291876","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190629608","display_name":"Algorithms","issn_l":"1999-4893","issn":["1999-4893"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/17","score":0.5,"display_name":"Partnerships for the goals"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1190630575","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CNS 1461932","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2039584371","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CNS 1439672","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2283619983","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"1460971","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2317576405","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"1231461","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337392","funder_display_name":"Division of Electrical, Communications and Cyber Systems"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4359926526","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CNS 1460971","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4728448454","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"1449860","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4778749903","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CNS 1301774","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5326717583","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"ECCS 1231461","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5870385267","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CNS 1449860","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8401376135","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"1439672","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G993855106","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"1231461","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337392","display_name":"Division of Electrical, Communications and Cyber Systems","ror":"https://ror.org/01krpsy48"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2562008950.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2562008950.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":44,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W64626922","https://openalex.org/W1010425071","https://openalex.org/W1514707997","https://openalex.org/W1520325846","https://openalex.org/W1657324570","https://openalex.org/W1677263269","https://openalex.org/W1836916015","https://openalex.org/W1847142364","https://openalex.org/W1855293664","https://openalex.org/W1912128066","https://openalex.org/W1929316339","https://openalex.org/W1991234467","https://openalex.org/W2012201897","https://openalex.org/W2026126704","https://openalex.org/W2085843229","https://openalex.org/W2096100960","https://openalex.org/W2101620066","https://openalex.org/W2103287776","https://openalex.org/W2117487426","https://openalex.org/W2123610365","https://openalex.org/W2128188048","https://openalex.org/W2153839362","https://openalex.org/W2166303184","https://openalex.org/W2213241010","https://openalex.org/W2213469232","https://openalex.org/W2243816206","https://openalex.org/W2247506234","https://openalex.org/W2328899747","https://openalex.org/W2343382616","https://openalex.org/W2368404818","https://openalex.org/W2398018337","https://openalex.org/W2407287065","https://openalex.org/W2501003634","https://openalex.org/W2536626143","https://openalex.org/W2570677461","https://openalex.org/W2735531870","https://openalex.org/W2903158431","https://openalex.org/W2950381950","https://openalex.org/W6630948160","https://openalex.org/W6636923026","https://openalex.org/W6638800913","https://openalex.org/W6678137988","https://openalex.org/W6701751954","https://openalex.org/W6724659309"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4292477917","https://openalex.org/W2379037722","https://openalex.org/W1597862883","https://openalex.org/W2140131129","https://openalex.org/W3200375535","https://openalex.org/W2034251629","https://openalex.org/W2534504385","https://openalex.org/W2097005420","https://openalex.org/W2488882714","https://openalex.org/W205292606"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Human\u2013Machine":[0],"Cooperations":[1],"(HMCs)":[2],"can":[3,32,140],"balance":[4],"the":[5,30,34,42,45,48,66,71,83,89,92,100,103,107,113,117,137,142],"advantages":[6],"and":[7,15,47],"disadvantages":[8],"of":[9,76,119],"human":[10,35,39],"computation":[11,17],"(accurate":[12],"but":[13,19],"costly)":[14],"machine":[16,31,49,84,90,101],"(cheap":[18],"inaccurate).":[20],"This":[21],"paper":[22],"studies":[23],"HMCs":[24],"in":[25,57,65,74],"agglomerative":[26],"hierarchical":[27],"clusterings,":[28],"where":[29],"ask":[33,91],"some":[36],"questions.":[37],"The":[38],"will":[40,50],"return":[41],"answers":[43,53],"to":[44,54],"machine,":[46],"use":[51],"these":[52,120],"correct":[55],"errors":[56],"its":[58],"current":[59],"clustering":[60,104,143],"results.":[61],"We":[62],"are":[63],"interested":[64],"machine\u2019s":[67,108],"strategy":[68],"on":[69,116,132],"handling":[70],"question":[72,81,93,147],"operations,":[73],"terms":[75],"three":[77],"problems:":[78],"(1)":[79],"Which":[80],"should":[82,88],"ask?":[85],"(2)":[86],"When":[87],"(early":[94],"or":[95],"late)?":[96],"(3)":[97],"How":[98],"does":[99],"adjust":[102],"result,":[105],"if":[106],"mistake":[109],"is":[110,125],"found":[111],"by":[112],"human?":[114],"Based":[115],"insights":[118],"problems,":[121],"an":[122],"efficient":[123],"algorithm":[124,139],"proposed":[126,138],"with":[127,145],"five":[128],"implementation":[129],"variations.":[130],"Experiments":[131],"image":[133],"clusterings":[134],"show":[135],"that":[136],"improve":[141],"accuracy":[144],"few":[146],"operations.":[148]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-10T15:06:20.359241","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}