{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2548898691","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a9040073","title":"Community Structure Detection for Directed Networks through Modularity Optimisation","display_name":"Community Structure Detection for Directed Networks through Modularity Optimisation","publication_year":2016,"publication_date":"2016-11-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2548898691","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a9040073","mag":"2548898691"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/a9040073","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a9040073","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4893/9/4/73/pdf?version=1477993500","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190629608","display_name":"Algorithms","issn_l":"1999-4893","issn":["1999-4893"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4893/9/4/73/pdf?version=1477993500","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066893635","display_name":"Lingjian Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8724-7051"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45129253","display_name":"University College London","ror":"https://ror.org/02jx3x895","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lingjian Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Process Systems Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, London WC1E 7JE, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Process Systems Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, London WC1E 7JE, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015674798","display_name":"Jonathan Cardoso\u2010Silva","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9566-7400"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183935753","display_name":"King's College London","ror":"https://ror.org/0220mzb33","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I183935753"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jonathan Silva","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Informatics, Faculty of Natural and Mathematical Sciences, King\u2019s College London, London WC2R 2LS, UK","Department of Informatics, Faculty of Natural and Mathematical Sciences, King's College London, London WC2R 2LS, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Informatics, Faculty of Natural and Mathematical Sciences, King\u2019s College London, London WC2R 2LS, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183935753"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Informatics, Faculty of Natural and Mathematical Sciences, King's College London, London WC2R 2LS, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183935753"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016031545","display_name":"Lazaros G. Papageorgiou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4652-6086"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45129253","display_name":"University College London","ror":"https://ror.org/02jx3x895","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Lazaros Papageorgiou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Process Systems Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, London WC1E 7JE, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Process Systems Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, London WC1E 7JE, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076507299","display_name":"Sophia Tsoka","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8403-1282"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183935753","display_name":"King's College London","ror":"https://ror.org/0220mzb33","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I183935753"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Sophia Tsoka","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Informatics, Faculty of Natural and Mathematical Sciences, King\u2019s College London, London WC2R 2LS, UK","Department of Informatics, Faculty of Natural and Mathematical Sciences, King's College London, London WC2R 2LS, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Informatics, Faculty of Natural and Mathematical Sciences, King\u2019s College London, London WC2R 2LS, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183935753"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Informatics, Faculty of Natural and Mathematical Sciences, King's College London, London WC2R 2LS, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183935753"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5016031545","https://openalex.org/A5076507299"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183935753","https://openalex.org/I45129253"],"apc_list":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"apc_paid":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"fwci":0.8837,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":15,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.76462348,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":"4","first_page":"73","last_page":"73"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10064","display_name":"Complex Network Analysis Techniques","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3109","display_name":"Statistical and Nonlinear Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10064","display_name":"Complex Network Analysis Techniques","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3109","display_name":"Statistical and Nonlinear Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10621","display_name":"Gene Regulatory Network Analysis","score":0.9886000156402588,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12592","display_name":"Opinion Dynamics and Social Influence","score":0.9850999712944031,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3109","display_name":"Statistical and Nonlinear Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modularity","display_name":"Modularity (biology)","score":0.9009901285171509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/community-structure","display_name":"Community structure","score":0.757994532585144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/clique-percolation-method","display_name":"Clique percolation method","score":0.7465861439704895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/partition","display_name":"Partition (number theory)","score":0.6963740587234497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6456699371337891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/complex-network","display_name":"Complex network","score":0.6088838577270508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.5478931069374084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metric","display_name":"Metric (unit)","score":0.5423832535743713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/property","display_name":"Property (philosophy)","score":0.46284765005111694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/complex-system","display_name":"Complex system","score":0.415261447429657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.3468180298805237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/topology","display_name":"Topology (electrical circuits)","score":0.3430942893028259},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.21094515919685364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/combinatorics","display_name":"Combinatorics","score":0.115776926279068}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779478453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6889748","display_name":"Modularity (biology)","level":2,"score":0.9009901285171509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133079900","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5155065","display_name":"Community structure","level":2,"score":0.757994532585144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C128243737","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5134414","display_name":"Clique percolation method","level":3,"score":0.7465861439704895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42812","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1082910","display_name":"Partition (number theory)","level":2,"score":0.6963740587234497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6456699371337891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34947359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q665189","display_name":"Complex network","level":2,"score":0.6088838577270508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.5478931069374084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176217482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860554","display_name":"Metric (unit)","level":2,"score":0.5423832535743713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189950617","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q937228","display_name":"Property (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.46284765005111694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47822265","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q854457","display_name":"Complex system","level":2,"score":0.415261447429657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.3468180298805237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184720557","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7825049","display_name":"Topology (electrical circuits)","level":2,"score":0.3430942893028259},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.21094515919685364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114614502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76592","display_name":"Combinatorics","level":1,"score":0.115776926279068},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54355233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162","display_name":"Genetics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21547014","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423657","display_name":"Operations management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/a9040073","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a9040073","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4893/9/4/73/pdf?version=1477993500","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190629608","display_name":"Algorithms","issn_l":"1999-4893","issn":["1999-4893"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:kclpure.kcl.ac.uk:openaire/7ff2b1e2-65f2-4491-aa86-c30563e567a4","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/publications/7ff2b1e2-65f2-4491-aa86-c30563e567a4","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400216","display_name":"Research Portal (King's College London)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I183935753","host_organization_name":"King's College London","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I183935753"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Yang, L, Silva, J C, Papageorgiou, L G & Tsoka, S 2016, 'Community Structure Detection for Directed Networks Through Modularity Optimisation', Algorithms, vol. 9, no. 4, 73. https://doi.org/10.3390/a9040073","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"},{"id":"pmh:oai:kclpure.kcl.ac.uk:publications/7ff2b1e2-65f2-4491-aa86-c30563e567a4","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=84999622462&partnerID=8YFLogxK","pdf_url":"https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/ws/files/62013857/Community_Structure_Detection_YANG_Accepted18Oct2016_GOLD_VoR.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400216","display_name":"Research Portal (King's College London)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I183935753","host_organization_name":"King's College London","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I183935753"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Yang , L , Silva , J C , Papageorgiou , L G & Tsoka , S 2016 , ' Community Structure Detection for Directed Networks Through Modularity Optimisation ' , Algorithms , vol. 9 , no. 4 , 73 . https://doi.org/10.3390/a9040073","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:9456581527c249d1b1b1e531b9542f50","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/9456581527c249d1b1b1e531b9542f50","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms, Vol 9, Iss 4, p 73 (2016)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.ucl.ac.uk.OAI2:1540327","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/1540327/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400024","display_name":"UCL Discovery (University College London)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I45129253","host_organization_name":"University College London","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I45129253"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"   Algorithms , 9  (4)   p. 73.   (2016)      ","raw_type":"Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/a9040073","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a9040073","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4893/9/4/73/pdf?version=1477993500","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190629608","display_name":"Algorithms","issn_l":"1999-4893","issn":["1999-4893"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1934935867","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Engineering and Physical Sciences R","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2426524734","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"RPG-2012-6","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320319993","funder_display_name":"Leverhulme Trust"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3585724196","display_name":"EPSRC Centre for Innovative Manufacturing in Emergent Macromolecular Therapies","funder_award_id":"EP/I033270/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3638697338","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"13312138","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321091","funder_display_name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3938906640","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"(CAPES)","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321091","funder_display_name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5050768783","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EPSRC Centre for In","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5139334624","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321091","funder_display_name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6293275539","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Centre for Innovative Manufacturing","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G692611148","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Brazil","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321091","funder_display_name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7671559348","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"RPG-2012-686","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320319993","funder_display_name":"Leverhulme Trust"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G963174003","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"de Aperfei\u00e7","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321091","funder_display_name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320319993","display_name":"Leverhulme Trust","ror":"https://ror.org/012mzw131"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321091","display_name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior","ror":"https://ror.org/00x0ma614"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/0439y7842"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2548898691.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2548898691.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":37,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1663379842","https://openalex.org/W1898772326","https://openalex.org/W1975830203","https://openalex.org/W1976702945","https://openalex.org/W1982322675","https://openalex.org/W1985625141","https://openalex.org/W1991408655","https://openalex.org/W2004172552","https://openalex.org/W2017987256","https://openalex.org/W2045387243","https://openalex.org/W2051741861","https://openalex.org/W2061099285","https://openalex.org/W2063251739","https://openalex.org/W2070722739","https://openalex.org/W2084838406","https://openalex.org/W2087896761","https://openalex.org/W2089458547","https://openalex.org/W2095189226","https://openalex.org/W2107904695","https://openalex.org/W2109726592","https://openalex.org/W2112090702","https://openalex.org/W2120043163","https://openalex.org/W2120230599","https://openalex.org/W2127048411","https://openalex.org/W2150860159","https://openalex.org/W2151936673","https://openalex.org/W2152430833","https://openalex.org/W2169206507","https://openalex.org/W2272920545","https://openalex.org/W2339771577","https://openalex.org/W2424063467","https://openalex.org/W2507508039","https://openalex.org/W2951271819","https://openalex.org/W3098742898","https://openalex.org/W3098765153","https://openalex.org/W3102641634","https://openalex.org/W3126033509"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2153048426","https://openalex.org/W2613291114","https://openalex.org/W2079295974","https://openalex.org/W1989028327","https://openalex.org/W2349859869","https://openalex.org/W2889168673","https://openalex.org/W2898992240","https://openalex.org/W3114311606","https://openalex.org/W2362940594","https://openalex.org/W2011882979"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Networks":[0],"constitute":[1],"powerful":[2],"means":[3,81],"of":[4,8,38,50,70,73,82,104],"representing":[5],"various":[6],"types":[7],"complex":[9,30],"systems,":[10],"where":[11,35],"nodes":[12,74],"denote":[13],"the":[14,20,23,36,68,102],"system":[15],"entities":[16],"and":[17],"edges":[18,39],"express":[19],"interactions":[21],"between":[22],"entities.":[24],"An":[25],"important":[26],"topological":[27],"property":[28],"in":[29],"networks":[31],"is":[32,42,64,86,98],"community":[33,55,84],"structure,":[34],"density":[37],"within":[40],"subgraphs":[41,52],"much":[43],"higher":[44],"than":[45],"across":[46],"different":[47,76],"subgraphs.":[48],"Each":[49],"these":[51],"forms":[53],"a":[54,60,71,92],"(or":[56],"module).":[57],"In":[58,89],"literature,":[59],"metric":[61],"called":[62],"modularity":[63,87,106],"defined":[65],"that":[66,100],"measures":[67],"quality":[69],"partition":[72],"into":[75],"mutually":[77],"exclusive":[78],"communities.":[79],"One":[80],"deriving":[83],"structure":[85],"maximisation.":[88],"this":[90],"paper,":[91],"novel":[93],"mathematical":[94],"programming-based":[95],"model,":[96],"DiMod,":[97],"proposed":[99],"tackles":[101],"problem":[103],"maximising":[105],"for":[107],"directed":[108],"networks.":[109]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-10T15:06:20.359241","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}