{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1507522260","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a8030466","title":"Conditional Random Fields for Pattern Recognition Applied to Structured Data","display_name":"Conditional Random Fields for Pattern Recognition Applied to Structured Data","publication_year":2015,"publication_date":"2015-07-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1507522260","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a8030466","mag":"1507522260"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/a8030466","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a8030466","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4893/8/3/466/pdf?version=1436948166","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190629608","display_name":"Algorithms","issn_l":"1999-4893","issn":["1999-4893"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4893/8/3/466/pdf?version=1436948166","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038854150","display_name":"Tom Burr","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7298-9706"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1343871089","display_name":"Los Alamos National Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/01e41cf67","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I1343871089","https://openalex.org/I198811213","https://openalex.org/I4210120050"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Tom Burr","raw_affiliation_strings":["Statistical Sciences, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87544-87545, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Statistical Sciences, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87544-87545, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1343871089"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056684926","display_name":"Alexei Skurikhin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5606-4933"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1343871089","display_name":"Los Alamos National Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/01e41cf67","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I1343871089","https://openalex.org/I198811213","https://openalex.org/I4210120050"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alexei Skurikhin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Space Data Systems, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87544-87545, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Space Data Systems, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87544-87545, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1343871089"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5038854150"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1343871089"],"apc_list":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"apc_paid":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.02337645,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":"3","first_page":"466","last_page":"483"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10052","display_name":"Medical Image Segmentation Techniques","score":0.9876999855041504,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10052","display_name":"Medical Image Segmentation Techniques","score":0.9876999855041504,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12549","display_name":"Image and Object Detection Techniques","score":0.9768000245094299,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10320","display_name":"Neural Networks and Applications","score":0.9735000133514404,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/crfs","display_name":"CRFS","score":0.9724389910697937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/conditional-random-field","display_name":"Conditional random field","score":0.9386650323867798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pixel","display_name":"Pixel","score":0.6941155791282654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6653262376785278},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/domain","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","score":0.6433290839195251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.6256945133209229},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tree","display_name":"Tree (set theory)","score":0.5536785125732422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object","display_name":"Object (grammar)","score":0.5528278350830078},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5466781258583069},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.5248042345046997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/conditional-probability-distribution","display_name":"Conditional probability distribution","score":0.5205855965614319},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/random-forest","display_name":"Random forest","score":0.4655825197696686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.4116050601005554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.26075810194015503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.16615310311317444}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775953691","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5013874","display_name":"CRFS","level":3,"score":0.9724389910697937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152565575","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1124538","display_name":"Conditional random field","level":2,"score":0.9386650323867798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160633673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q355198","display_name":"Pixel","level":2,"score":0.6941155791282654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6653262376785278},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36503486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11235244","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","level":2,"score":0.6433290839195251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.6256945133209229},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113174947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2859736","display_name":"Tree (set theory)","level":2,"score":0.5536785125732422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781238097","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175026","display_name":"Object (grammar)","level":2,"score":0.5528278350830078},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5466781258583069},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.5248042345046997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43555835","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2300258","display_name":"Conditional probability distribution","level":2,"score":0.5205855965614319},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169258074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245748","display_name":"Random forest","level":2,"score":0.4655825197696686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.4116050601005554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.26075810194015503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.16615310311317444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/a8030466","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a8030466","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4893/8/3/466/pdf?version=1436948166","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190629608","display_name":"Algorithms","issn_l":"1999-4893","issn":["1999-4893"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:2dcac316ff89418b82eeaf21f17de2ce","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/2dcac316ff89418b82eeaf21f17de2ce","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms, Vol 8, Iss 3, Pp 466-483 (2015)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1999-4893/8/3/466/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/a8030466","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:osti.gov:1208659","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1208659","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402487","display_name":"OSTI OAI (U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I139351228","host_organization_name":"Office of Scientific and Technical Information","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139351228"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:osti.gov:1240606","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1240606","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402487","display_name":"OSTI OAI (U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I139351228","host_organization_name":"Office of Scientific and Technical Information","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139351228"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/a8030466","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a8030466","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4893/8/3/466/pdf?version=1436948166","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190629608","display_name":"Algorithms","issn_l":"1999-4893","issn":["1999-4893"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337547","display_name":"Laboratory Directed Research and Development","ror":"https://ror.org/01e41cf67"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338304","display_name":"Los Alamos National Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/01e41cf67"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W1507522260.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W1507522260.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":86,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W28766783","https://openalex.org/W66838807","https://openalex.org/W138425607","https://openalex.org/W337654240","https://openalex.org/W1000692734","https://openalex.org/W1480376833","https://openalex.org/W1511986666","https://openalex.org/W1560512119","https://openalex.org/W1602011302","https://openalex.org/W1610707153","https://openalex.org/W1748750709","https://openalex.org/W1857926807","https://openalex.org/W1964803612","https://openalex.org/W1985982675","https://openalex.org/W1991384784","https://openalex.org/W2001619934","https://openalex.org/W2002137180","https://openalex.org/W2002855582","https://openalex.org/W2009494639","https://openalex.org/W2013520638","https://openalex.org/W2019599312","https://openalex.org/W2020999234","https://openalex.org/W2032956261","https://openalex.org/W2042128914","https://openalex.org/W2051434435","https://openalex.org/W2053476892","https://openalex.org/W2060645041","https://openalex.org/W2071051834","https://openalex.org/W2076364662","https://openalex.org/W2095844239","https://openalex.org/W2096071754","https://openalex.org/W2101309634","https://openalex.org/W2101534792","https://openalex.org/W2103644045","https://openalex.org/W2108619558","https://openalex.org/W2109926133","https://openalex.org/W2110306576","https://openalex.org/W2111070132","https://openalex.org/W2113137767","https://openalex.org/W2116064496","https://openalex.org/W2116180153","https://openalex.org/W2116877738","https://openalex.org/W2120294885","https://openalex.org/W2122420270","https://openalex.org/W2128282553","https://openalex.org/W2129999749","https://openalex.org/W2130178369","https://openalex.org/W2130517245","https://openalex.org/W2135711152","https://openalex.org/W2138565847","https://openalex.org/W2140666719","https://openalex.org/W2143516773","https://openalex.org/W2147880316","https://openalex.org/W2148820904","https://openalex.org/W2153019422","https://openalex.org/W2156515921","https://openalex.org/W2157171712","https://openalex.org/W2159080219","https://openalex.org/W2160988325","https://openalex.org/W2161653775","https://openalex.org/W2164918853","https://openalex.org/W2167103782","https://openalex.org/W2169415915","https://openalex.org/W2396617584","https://openalex.org/W2552605897","https://openalex.org/W2598465460","https://openalex.org/W2618281762","https://openalex.org/W2891809992","https://openalex.org/W2952324557","https://openalex.org/W3020913839","https://openalex.org/W3100993489","https://openalex.org/W3104056718","https://openalex.org/W4206192903","https://openalex.org/W4233449543","https://openalex.org/W4252621450","https://openalex.org/W4254218257","https://openalex.org/W4362227092","https://openalex.org/W6601201599","https://openalex.org/W6626052356","https://openalex.org/W6636166754","https://openalex.org/W6639073361","https://openalex.org/W6677919857","https://openalex.org/W6679316538","https://openalex.org/W6679502496","https://openalex.org/W6683257257","https://openalex.org/W6735054275"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2356597680","https://openalex.org/W50079190","https://openalex.org/W182104056","https://openalex.org/W2111726165","https://openalex.org/W2011251309","https://openalex.org/W2511246383","https://openalex.org/W3108423214","https://openalex.org/W2796133761","https://openalex.org/W3088215229","https://openalex.org/W2184553228"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Pattern":[0],"recognition":[1,87,147],"uses":[2],"measurements":[3],"from":[4,13],"an":[5,14,34],"input":[6],"domain,":[7,16],"X,":[8],"to":[9,27,70,84,145],"predict":[10],"their":[11,143],"labels":[12],"output":[15,78,169],"Y.":[17],"Image":[18],"analysis":[19,156],"is":[20,37,56,66,74,91,161],"one":[21,24],"setting":[22],"where":[23],"might":[25],"want":[26],"infer":[28],"whether":[29],"a":[30,41,47,53,62,120],"pixel":[31,54,64],"patch":[32,55,65],"contains":[33],"object":[35],"that":[36,80],"\u201cmanmade\u201d":[38,72],"(such":[39,45],"as":[40,46],"building)":[42],"or":[43],"\u201cnatural\u201d":[44],"tree).":[48],"Suppose":[49],"the":[50,59,77,98,112,168],"label":[51,60],"for":[52,61,122,128],"\u201cmanmade\u201d;":[57],"if":[58],"nearby":[63],"then":[67],"more":[68],"likely":[69],"be":[71,82],"there":[73,160],"structure":[75],"in":[76,148,158,167],"domain":[79],"can":[81],"exploited":[83],"improve":[85],"pattern":[86,146],"performance.":[88],"Modeling":[89],"P(X)":[90],"difficult":[92],"because":[93],"features":[94],"between":[95],"parts":[96],"of":[97],"model":[99,108,121],"are":[100,125,154],"often":[101],"correlated.":[102],"Therefore,":[103],"conditional":[104,113],"random":[105],"fields":[106],"(CRFs)":[107],"structured":[109,149],"data":[110],"using":[111],"distribution":[114],"P(Y|X":[115],"=":[116],"x),":[117],"without":[118],"specifying":[119],"P(X),":[123],"and":[124,142,176],"well":[126],"suited":[127],"applications":[129,157],"with":[130],"dependent":[131],"features.":[132],"This":[133],"paper":[134],"has":[135],"two":[136],"parts.":[137],"First,":[138],"we":[139,172],"overview":[140],"CRFs":[141],"application":[144],"problems.":[150],"Our":[151],"primary":[152],"examples":[153],"image":[155],"which":[159],"dependence":[162],"among":[163],"samples":[164],"(pixel":[165],"patches)":[166],"domain.":[170],"Second,":[171],"identify":[173],"research":[174],"topics":[175],"present":[177],"numerical":[178],"examples.":[179]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}