{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1994756311","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a7020229","title":"Application of Imperialist Competitive Algorithm on Solving the Traveling Salesman Problem","display_name":"Application of Imperialist Competitive Algorithm on Solving the Traveling Salesman Problem","publication_year":2014,"publication_date":"2014-05-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1994756311","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a7020229","mag":"1994756311"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/a7020229","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a7020229","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4893/7/2/229/pdf?version=1400156292","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190629608","display_name":"Algorithms","issn_l":"1999-4893","issn":["1999-4893"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4893/7/2/229/pdf?version=1400156292","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026847471","display_name":"Shuhui Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8118-6449"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154099455","display_name":"Shandong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0207yh398","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shuhui Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of High-efficiency and Clean Mechanical Manufacture (Shandong University), Ministry of Education, Jinan 250061, China","School of Mechanical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of High-efficiency and Clean Mechanical Manufacture (Shandong University), Ministry of Education, Jinan 250061, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mechanical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100424366","display_name":"Yong Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7670-3958"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154099455","display_name":"Shandong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0207yh398","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yong Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of High-efficiency and Clean Mechanical Manufacture (Shandong University), Ministry of Education, Jinan 250061, China","School of Mechanical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of High-efficiency and Clean Mechanical Manufacture (Shandong University), Ministry of Education, Jinan 250061, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mechanical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089496709","display_name":"Aiqin Huang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154099455","display_name":"Shandong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0207yh398","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aiqin Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of High-efficiency and Clean Mechanical Manufacture (Shandong University), Ministry of Education, Jinan 250061, China","School of Mechanical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of High-efficiency and Clean Mechanical Manufacture (Shandong University), Ministry of Education, Jinan 250061, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mechanical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100424366"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"],"apc_list":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"apc_paid":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"fwci":3.3823,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":19,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9288692,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":"2","first_page":"229","last_page":"242"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10100","display_name":"Metaheuristic Optimization Algorithms Research","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10100","display_name":"Metaheuristic Optimization Algorithms Research","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12277","display_name":"Frequency Control in Power Systems","score":0.9947999715805054,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12288","display_name":"Optimization and Search Problems","score":0.9941999912261963,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/imperialist-competitive-algorithm","display_name":"Imperialist competitive algorithm","score":0.906145453453064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/travelling-salesman-problem","display_name":"Travelling salesman problem","score":0.8417657017707825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.6519131660461426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmark","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","score":0.646174430847168},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6173930168151855},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-optimization","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","score":0.5274651050567627},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/christofides-algorithm","display_name":"Christofides algorithm","score":0.4621148407459259},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/2-opt","display_name":"2-opt","score":0.4564798176288605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heuristic","display_name":"Heuristic","score":0.4261585772037506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scale","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","score":0.42144253849983215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.4162563681602478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.2901120185852051},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optimization-problem","display_name":"Optimization problem","score":0.25829750299453735},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.22170066833496094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/meta-optimization","display_name":"Meta-optimization","score":0.11387401819229126}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101219045","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10859646","display_name":"Imperialist competitive algorithm","level":4,"score":0.906145453453064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175859090","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q322212","display_name":"Travelling salesman problem","level":2,"score":0.8417657017707825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.6519131660461426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.646174430847168},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6173930168151855},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.5274651050567627},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138600008","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q498144","display_name":"Christofides algorithm","level":4,"score":0.4621148407459259},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106472803","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q291440","display_name":"2-opt","level":3,"score":0.4564798176288605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173801870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q201413","display_name":"Heuristic","level":2,"score":0.4261585772037506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778755073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","level":2,"score":0.42144253849983215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.4162563681602478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.2901120185852051},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137836250","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q984063","display_name":"Optimization problem","level":2,"score":0.25829750299453735},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.22170066833496094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4935549","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6822261","display_name":"Meta-optimization","level":3,"score":0.11387401819229126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/a7020229","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a7020229","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4893/7/2/229/pdf?version=1400156292","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190629608","display_name":"Algorithms","issn_l":"1999-4893","issn":["1999-4893"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:b52ea54bba894d0ab231d504c1b67d6e","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/b52ea54bba894d0ab231d504c1b67d6e","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms, Vol 7, Iss 2, Pp 229-242 (2014)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1999-4893/7/2/229/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/a7020229","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms; Volume 7; Issue 2; Pages: 229-242","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/a7020229","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/a7020229","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4893/7/2/229/pdf?version=1400156292","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190629608","display_name":"Algorithms","issn_l":"1999-4893","issn":["1999-4893"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Algorithms","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320336024","display_name":"Specialized Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W1994756311.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W1994756311.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":38,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W626292722","https://openalex.org/W1571087346","https://openalex.org/W1963541705","https://openalex.org/W1968594877","https://openalex.org/W1973185535","https://openalex.org/W1975671633","https://openalex.org/W1985440868","https://openalex.org/W1989775048","https://openalex.org/W1990326157","https://openalex.org/W1992937816","https://openalex.org/W2008023055","https://openalex.org/W2033011996","https://openalex.org/W2050149390","https://openalex.org/W2052257324","https://openalex.org/W2055569927","https://openalex.org/W2063914115","https://openalex.org/W2070213873","https://openalex.org/W2079012818","https://openalex.org/W2079468688","https://openalex.org/W2081231516","https://openalex.org/W2084085243","https://openalex.org/W2089962093","https://openalex.org/W2106378689","https://openalex.org/W2109455985","https://openalex.org/W2117325189","https://openalex.org/W2122910451","https://openalex.org/W2138967646","https://openalex.org/W2143152472","https://openalex.org/W2143479842","https://openalex.org/W2147218859","https://openalex.org/W2148736953","https://openalex.org/W2239307921","https://openalex.org/W2255356630","https://openalex.org/W2357527395","https://openalex.org/W2798467024","https://openalex.org/W2800435341","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W6996593966"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2980689483","https://openalex.org/W4389782626","https://openalex.org/W1595757466","https://openalex.org/W4200179302","https://openalex.org/W1645834615","https://openalex.org/W2766731260","https://openalex.org/W562960941","https://openalex.org/W3210931532","https://openalex.org/W3025823153","https://openalex.org/W2975368677"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,15,49,107],"imperialist":[1,43],"competitive":[2,44],"algorithm":[3,9,45,51,63,76,109],"(ICA)":[4],"is":[5,27],"a":[6,41],"new":[7],"heuristic":[8],"proposed":[10,50,75,108],"for":[11],"continuous":[12],"optimization":[13],"problems.":[14],"research":[16],"about":[17],"its":[18,34,70],"application":[19],"on":[20,36,77],"solving":[21,37],"the":[22,53,57,61,65,74,87,91,114],"traveling":[23],"salesman":[24],"problem":[25],"(TSP)":[26],"still":[28],"very":[29],"limited.":[30],"Aiming":[31],"to":[32],"explore":[33],"ability":[35],"TSP,":[38],"we":[39,72],"present":[40],"discrete":[42],"in":[46,113],"this":[47],"paper.":[48],"modifies":[52],"original":[54],"rules":[55],"of":[56],"assimilation":[58],"and":[59,80,89,102,116],"introduces":[60],"2-opt":[62],"into":[64],"revolution":[66],"process.":[67],"To":[68],"examine":[69],"performance,":[71],"tested":[73],"10":[78],"small-scale":[79],"2":[81],"large-scale":[82],"standard":[83],"benchmark":[84],"instances":[85],"from":[86],"TSPLIB":[88],"compared":[90],"experimental":[92],"results":[93],"with":[94],"that":[95],"obtained":[96],"by":[97],"two":[98],"other":[99,104],"ICA-based":[100],"algorithms":[101],"six":[103],"existing":[105],"algorithms.":[106],"shows":[110],"excellent":[111],"performance":[112],"experiments":[115],"comparisons.":[117]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}